IN  COLOR 


EDITED  BY   .... 
R.   HOOPER  PEARSON 
MANAGING  EDITOR 
OF  THE  GARDENERS* 
CHRONICLE . 


PLATE   I   (Frontispiece) 

L.  AURATUM  VAR.  PLATYPHYLLUM 

(MACRANTHUM) 

(See  pp.  29,  45.) 


(By  S3.  G 


NEW  YORK 
FREDERICK  A.  STOKES  CO. 


AKCH 


n 


PREFACE 


THIRTY  years  have  elapsed  since  I  published  a  Monograph 
of  the  Genus  Lilium,  which  has  long  been  out  of  print, 
and,  as  Mr.  Grove  says,  was  too  much  of  an  ouvrage  de  luxe 
to  be  accessible  to  the  general  public.  Since  then  con- 
siderable numbers  of  new  species  and  varieties  have  been 
discovered,  most  of  them  in  Western  China,  and  as  many 
of  these  are  but  little  known  and  others  not  yet  introduced, 
Mr.  Grove's  account  of  those  that  are  in  cultivation  will 
be  of  great  value  to  present-day  gardeners. 

Though  his  studies  on  the  genus  have  been  carried  on 
in  a  very  quiet  and  unostentatious  manner,  I  can  say  with 
truth  that  neither  the  late  Max  Leichtlin  nor  Mr.  G.  F. 
Wilson,  the  two  great  Lily  growers  of  the  past,  knew  as 
much  about  the  cultivation  of  Lilies  as  he  does  ;  and,  con- 
sidering the  unfavourable  conditions  of  his  garden  on  the 
chalk  hills  of  Berkshire,  the  success  which  he  has  attained 
in  growing  many  of  the  rarer  or  more  delicate  species  is 
truly  remarkable. 

There  is  no  genus  of  bulbous  plants  which  has  proved 
so  difficult  to  manage  in  cultivation,  or  in  which  so  many 
failures  have  to  be  recorded  ;  and  if  it  was  not  for  annual 
importations  from  Japan,  America,  and  the  Continent,  I 
fear  that  most  of  the  Lilies  would  disappear  from  the 
gardens  of  those  who  are  not  prepared  to  grow  them  from 
seed,  or  to  give  to  them  the  same  care  and  forethought 
that  Mr.  Grove  affords  them,  not  only  in  their  growing 
season,  but  also  whilst  they  are  at  rest. 

Although  the  majority  of  Lilies  are  hardy  enough  to 

vii 


M670835 


Vlll 


PREFACE 


endure  a  considerable  degree  of  frost  when  at  rest,  they 
come  with  few  exceptions  from  climates  where  the  summers 
are  longer,  warmer,  and  sunnier  than  ours,  and  they  will 
not  endure  frost  when  in  full  growth  during  May,  or 
such  drought  in  the  soil  and  atmosphere  as  we  often  ex- 
perience in  summer.  Neither  will  the  bulbs  of  many  of 
them  endure,  even  in  the  best  drained  soils,  a  continuance 
of  cold  rain  in  autumn  without  suffering  and  eventually 
decaying.  And  when  we  look  at  a  map  and  see  that, 
with  one  or  two  exceptions,  Lilies  are  natives  of  latitudes 
from  5  to  20  degrees  south  of  England,  it  is  surprising 
that  any  one  should  expect  them  to  survive  the  changes  of 
our  climate  for  long,  even  if  they  were  true  perennials, 
which  some  of  them  certainly  are  not. 

But,  with  all  these  drawbacks,  Lilies  are  so  incompar- 
ably beautiful,  that  every  one  who  sees  them  wishes  to 
grow  them  ;  and  this  book  will  do  much  to  convince  those 
who  have  failed  in  the  past  that  many  of  the  difficulties 
are  not  insuperable,  especially  for  those  who  are  fortunate 
enough  to  live  on  soils  free  from  lime  in  the  southern 
counties  of  England. 

I  have  always  said  that  if  half  the  skill  and  care  that 
is  devoted  to  growing  Orchids  was  given  to  Lilies  under 
glass,  it  would  be  richly  repaid  ;  but  since  the  late  Mr. 
G.  F.  Wilson's  death  no  one  has  apparently  given  much 
attention  to  this  form  of  cultivation.  Only  recently  I  have 
found  that,  by  potting  them  in  almost  pure  oak  leaf-mould, 
such  delicate  and  beautiful  Lilies  as  L.  philippinense  and 
L.  japonicum — of  which  latter  species  the  incorrect  garden 
name  Krameri  seems  impossible  to  get  rid  of — may  be  suc- 
cessfully bloomed  for  two  or  more  seasons  in  succession, 
though  previously  I  had  never  been  able  to  keep  them  alive. 
If  the  peculiarities  of  each  species  are  studied  as  carefully 


PREFACE  ix 

as  Mr.  Grove  has  studied  them,  I  have  little  doubt  that 
we  may  see  a  great  many  more  Lilies  continue  in  health 
and  beauty.  His  directions  for  raising  plants  from  seed 
are  good,  but  patience  is  necessary,  for  though  L.  tenui- 
folium  is  an  exception,  most  Lilies  require  four  to  six  years 
to  become  strong  enough  to  flower,  and  they  cannot  be 
hurried  with  manure. 

Hybridisation  has  done  less  for  this  genus  than  for 
many,  and,  with  the  exception  of  L.  testaceum,  I  do  not 
know  a  single  genuine  hybrid  Lily  which  has  ever  become 
common  ;  whilst  some  of  those  which  have  been  raised 
are  distinctly  inferior  to  both  their  parents  in  beauty,  and 
do  not  seem  to  have  gained  vigour  of  constitution  from 
crossing,  as  happens  in  so  many  other  plants. 

I  feel  certain  that  if  collectors  of  Lilies  in  China  and 
Japan  would  take  advantage  of  the  parcel  post,  and  supply 
small  parcels  of  carefully  packed  bulbs  lifted  during  the 
resting  season,  and  sent  via  Siberia,  we  should  avoid  a 
great  many  of  the  losses  which  now  occur  ;  but  the  Japanese, 
though  masters  of  their  art  in  most  respects,  fail  in  many 
cases  to  understand  the  principles  of  good  plant-packing, 
and  if  the  collectors  in  America  would  pay  more  attention 
to  quality  than  to  quantity,  it  is  probable  that  they  would 
benefit  as  much  as  we  should. 

With  regard  to  nomenclature,  it  is  evident  that  until 
much  more  is  known  of  the  recent  discoveries  in  China, 
and  on  the  Pacific  Coast  of  North  America,  the  correct 
names  and  positions  of  several  species  or  varieties  cannot 
be  settled,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  Mr.  Grove  may  sooner 
or  later  give  us  a  more  elaborate  work  on  the  subject. 

H.  J.  ELWES. 

COLESBORNE. 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

INTRODUCTION i 

CHAP. 

I.  LILIES  IN  LEGEND,  BOOKS,  AND  HISTORY         .         .        3 
II.  GENERAL  CULTURE  IN  GREAT  BRITAIN     ...         7 

III.  MANAGEMENT  OF  CALIFORNIAN  LILIES      .         .         .12 

IV.  MANAGEMENT  OF  JAPANESE  LILIES    .         .         .        ,       16 
V.  THE  PLANTING  OF  LILY  BULBS          .         .         .         .19 

VI.  SHRUBS  FOR  ASSOCIATION  WITH  LILIES  .  .  .  21 

VII.  RAISING  LILIES  FROM  SEED 23 

III.  HYBRID  LILIES  AND  VARIETIES          ....  27 

IX.  LILIES  IN  POTS 31 

X.  HALF-HARDY  AND  SUB-TROPICAL  LILIES  .  .  ..  33 

XI.  DISEASES "  .  .  .  35 

XII.  INSECTS  AND  PESTS  .  .  .  .  38 

XIII.  EASILY-GROWN  LILIES         .         .         .        .         .        .  40 

XIV.  THE  MORE  DIFFICULT  LILIES     .        .         .  78 
XV.  LILIES  NOT  IN  CULTIVATION       .                .                 .108 

APPENDIX   ,  .  .112 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 


PLATE 


I.    L.    AURATUM    VAR.    PLATYPHYLLUM    (MACRANTHUM) 

Frontispiece 


PAGE 


II.    L.    MYRIOPHYLLUM          .  .  .  .  .  .  .14 

III.    L.    SPECIOSUM    VAR.    KRAETZERI 26 

IV.  L.  MAXIMOWICZII        . 42 

V.    L.    CANDIDUM        .  . 58 

VI.    L.    MONADELPHUM    VAR.    SzOVITZIANUM  ...          74 

VII.  L.    JAPONICUM    (USUALLY    KNOWN    IN    GARDENS    AS 

L.  KRAMERI)  .         ,        .        .        .         ...       90 

VIII.  L.  PARRYI  .         ,        ...         .         .  .104 


LILIES 


INTRODUCTION 

THE  family  of  true  Lilies,  by  which  we  mean  members 
of  the  genus  Lilium,  is  a  comparatively  small  one,  being 
represented  by  about  seventy  known  species  and  nearly 
twice  as  many  varieties. 

Although  three  countries — China,  Japan,  and  California 
— provide  between  them  considerably  more  than  half  the 
number  known,  the  genus  is  distributed  over  almost  the 
whole  of  the  temperate  regions  of  both  hemispheres,  and 
while  five  species  are  known  in  sub-tropical  countries,  there 
is  no  record  of  any  true  Lily  having  been  found  in  the 
Southern  Hemisphere. 

Most  species  actually  in  cultivation  come  from  Japan, 
to  which  country  about  fifteen  are  referred  ;  North  America 
accounts  for  seventeen,  of  which  the  Western  States  provide 
the  greater  number  ;  in  Europe  eight  species  are  known  ; 
whilst  from  the  Himalayas  there  are  four,  Siberia  three,  and 
Burma  four. 

Though  many  of  them  are  not  yet  in  cultivation, 
nineteen  species  are  peculiar  to  China,  most  of  them 
hailing  from  the  vast  mountainous  region  in  Central  and 
Western  China  which  is  such  a  veritable  paradise  to  the 
botanist,  and  the  surface  of  which  up  to  the  present  seems 
only  to  have  been  scratched  as  far  as  the  discovery  of  new 

A 


2        PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

species  of  plants  is  concerned  ;  therefore  we  may  reason- 
ably expect  the  number  of  Lilies  emanating  from  there 
and  Tibet  to  be  increased  from  time  to  time. 

With  the  possible  exception  of  L.  Martagon,  no  Lily  is 
indigenous  to  the  British  Isles,  and  though  the  "  Madonna  " 
Lily  has  come  to  be  regarded  by  the  average  Englishman 
as  a  native  plant,  it  does  not  seem  to  have  found  its  way  to 
this  country  till  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

The  present-day  classification  of  Lilies  is  due  to  Mr. 
J.  G.  Baker,  who  divides  the  species  into  five  sections 
as  follows : — 

Martagon.  |  Isolirion.  |  Eulirion.  |  Archelirion.  |  Cardiocrinum. 

and  in  each  section  there  are  Lilies  which  all  but  the  most 
enthusiastic  cultivators  will  be  well  advised  to  let  alone. 

Martagon  is  the  largest  section  and  takes  in  all  Lilies 
which  have  their  blooms  much  recurved  and  which  are 
generally  known  as  "  Turk's  Caps,"  such  as 

chalcedonicum.      |      pardalinum.       |      pomponium. 

as  well  as  a  few  sorts  the  flowers  of  which  are  not  re- 
curved so  much,  L.  canadense,  for  instance. 

In  the  Eulirion  group,  the  flowers  are  true  Lilies, 
trumpet  shaped,  with  the  petals  reflexed  at  the  tips,  and  this 
section  includes  such  well-known  plants  as  L.  candidum  and 
L.  Brownii  among  others. 

In  the  Archelirion  section  we  find  flowers  that  are  as  a 
rule  large  and  more  or  less  open,  and  auratum  is  a  good 
example  of  this  small  sub-genus,  all  the  members  of  which 
hail  from  Japan  or  China. 

Lilies  having  upright  flowers  go  to  form  the  Isolirion 
section,  and  familiar  examples  of  this  are  the  Orange  Lily, 
.  croceum,  and  the  little  Chinese  L.  concolor. 


LILIES    IN    LEGEND  3 

The  smallest  group,  and   at  the   same  time  the  most 
distinct,  is  Cardiocrinum,  consisting  of  only  three  species — 

L.  giganteum,  L.  cordifolium,  and  L.  mirabile. 

A  complete  list  of  the  species  and  varieties,  with  their  places 
in  the  groups,  is  given  in  the  Appendix. 


CHAPTER   I 
LILIES    IN    LEGEND,    BOOKS,    AND    HISTORY 

"Torn  by  his  father  Jupiter  from  the  flowing  breast  of  Alcmena,  his  earthly 
mother,  and  borne  through  the  heavens  to  the  bosom  of  the  goddess  Juno,  so  that, 
son  of  a  mortal  woman,  he  may  be  nurtured  by  Immortal  and  become  himself  a 
god,  the  boy  Hercules,  his  mouth  o'er  full  of  milk,  lets  fall  the  drops  which 
form  the  Milky  Way  and  star  the  earth  with  Lilies." 

SUCH  is  the  classical  fable  of  the  birth  of  what  must 
almost  certainly  be  one  of  the  very  oldest  plants  on  earth, 
with  its  beginnings  wrapt  in  the  mists  of  countless  ages  ; 
sung  of  from  the  days  of  Solomon  onwards,  surely  no 
flower  can  have  figured  in  legend  and  verse  more  often 
than  the  Lily,  and  though  in  the  twentieth  century  we 
cannot  identify  the  Lilies  of  the  ancients,  or  even  be  sure 
they  were  true  Lilies,  there  is  a  great  fascination  in  the  idea 
— by  no  means  far  fetched — that  the  Lily  of  Scriptural  lore 
and  the  Madonna  Lily  of  more  modern  times,  to  be  found 
at  the  present  day  growing  wild  in  Syria  and  Palestine, 
are  one  and  the  same  plant. 

Dropping  us,  as  is  his  wont,  from  the  clouds  of  mythi- 
cal licence  to  more  tangible  ground,  the  student  of  Lily  lore 
will  tell  us  that  the  literary  history  of  the  subject  is  ex- 
tensive if  somewhat  diffuse  ;  but  with  the  exception  perhaps 


4        PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

of  Parkinson,  who  gives  the  Lily  pride  of  place,  and  in  his 
quaint  way  minutely  describes  a  round  dozen  sorts  in  the 
Paradisus  (1629),  we  need  go  no  further  back  than  1774, 
when,  in  the  Systema  Plantarum,  Linnaeus  gave  a  descrip- 
tion of  nine  species. 

At  that  time  no  Oriental  Lilies  seem  to  have  been  known 
to  Linnaeus,  and  it  remained  for  the  travellers  Thunberg, 
about  twenty  years  afterwards,  and  Siebold,  early  in  the 
nineteenth  century,  to  publish  particulars  of  species  they 
each  found  in  Japan  or  elsewhere ;  between  them  they 
more  than  doubled  the  number  of  Lilies  on  Linnaeus'  list, 
and  while  further  species  were  discovered  and  recorded 
from  time  to  time  by  others,  no  serious  attempt  at  sys- 
tematic classification  seems  to  have  been  made  till  early 
Victorian  times,  when  a  Belgian,  M.  Spae,  published  a  clear 
and  distinct  memoir  on  the  genus  (1847),  wmcn  by  that 
time  had  increased  to  about  forty-four  species.  Spae's 
book  remained  the  standard  work  of  reference  on  the 
subject  for  thirty  years. 

During  the  seventies,  Lilies  had  their  full  share  in  the 
increasing  interest  shown  in  horticulture  generally,  and 
between  1870  and  1880  there  was  a  veritable  deluge  of 
literature  on  the  subject,  numerous  papers,  articles,  and 
"Notes"  being  published  in  the  transactions  of  various 
societies  or  in  horticultural  journals  in  England,  France, 
Germany,  and  America,  and  while  much  that  was  written  at 
that  time  has  since  proved  to  be  inaccurate,  there  remains 
a  mass  of  information  of  incalculable  use  to  the  grower 
of  Lilies. 

In  1874  Mr.  Baker  published  the  scientific  classification 
of  the  genus  to  which  all  Lilies  are  now  referred,  and  which 
no  doubt  cleared  the  way  for  Mr.  H.  J.  Elwes'  critical 


HISTORY   OF   LILIES  5 

Monograph  on  Lilies  (1880),  the  modern  standard  work  on 
the  subject,  but  one  that  is  so  essentially  an  edition  de  luxe 
in  the  best  sense  of  the  term,  that  it  is  beyond  the  reach  of 
the  large  mass  of  horticultural  folk,  for  whom,  in  fact,  there 
was  no  moderately  priced  and  at  the  same  time  really  prac- 
tical and  concise  book  on  Lilies  till  1905,  when  Mr.  W. 
Goldring  published  the  Book  of  the  Lily,  a  small  volume 
packed  with  practical  detail  obviously  the  outcome  of  long 
and  first-hand  experience. 

As  far  as  their  cultivation  in  the  gardens  of  Great 
Britain  is  concerned,  the  history  of  Lilies  goes  no  further 
back  than  the  publication  of  Parkinson's  Paradisus,  for 
though  they  are  mentioned  often  enough  before  his  day, 
and  possibly  have  been  in  cultivation  as  long  as  gardens 
have  existed,  Parkinson  was  the  first  to  publish  such 
clear  descriptions  of  the  sorts  he  knew  as  to  enable  us  to 
identify  them. 

As  was  to  be  expected  at  that  time,  the  Lilies  Parkinson 
was  familiar  with,  except  L.  canadense,  came  from  the 
Continent,  and  it  was  not  till  people  began  to  get  about 
the  world  more  that  other  species  were  brought  from 
distant  shores  and  put  into  cultivation  in  English  gardens  ; 
the  process  of  discovery,  naturally  a  slow  one  in  those  days, 
was  hastened  now  and  again  by  exceptional  "finds"  of 
new  species  by  such  men  as  Thunberg  and  von  Siebold, 
but  with  the  expansion  of  travel  and  the  opening  up  to 
collectors  and  botanists  of  countries  which  were  formerly 
inaccessible  or  unexplored,  garden  Lilies  gradually  increased 
in  number. 

In  the  middle  of  the  last  century  a  great  fillip  was  given 
to  the  interest  in  these  things  by  the  opening  up  of  Cali- 
fornia, where  many  plants  not  previously  in  cultivation 


6        PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

were  found,  among  them  some  of  the  most  beautiful 
Lilies. 

Then  the  rapid  dawn  of  a  new  era  in  Japan,  and  the 
very  gradual  awakening  of  China,  together  with  the  removal 
of  many  of  the  vexatious  restrictions  to  which  foreigners 
had  been  subjected  in  both  countries,  led  to  the  bringing 
back  by  travellers  from  the  East  of  many  Lilies,  some  of 
which,  though  already  known  to  botanists  through  the 
instrumentality  of  Thunberg  and  others,  were  not  in 
common  cultivation. 

With  the  perspicuity  natural  to  their  race,  the  nursery- 
men of  Holland  soon  saw  the  commercial  possibilities  of 
such  of  the  Lilies  of  Japan  as  would  stand  the  climate  of 
Eastern  Europe,  and  commenced  the  cultivation  of  them 
on  a  large  scale,  with  the  result  that  a  new  race  of  Lilies 
was  brought  within  reach  of  people  to  whom  Oriental  Lilies 
had  up  to  then  been  caviare. 

Although  they  had  allowed  the  Dutch  nurserymen  to 
steal  a  march  on  them  in  the  cultivation  and  sale  of  their 
own  Lilies,  it  did  not  take  the  Japanese  long  after  the 
opening  of  the  treaty  ports  to  realise  that  in  the  wild  Lilies 
with  which  their  country  was  so  plentifully  besprinkled  they 
had  an  asset  of  great  commercial  value,  and  the  trade  in 
Lily  bulbs,  which  began  half  a  century  ago,  has  gone  on 
year  after  year  with  ever-increasing  strides. 

Of  late  years  our  gardens  have  been  enriched  by  several 
species  from  Central  and  Western  China,  and  gardeners 
owe  a  great  debt  to  the  handful  of  men  who  have  risked 
their  lives  in  the  pursuit  of  new  plants  in  that  inhospitable 
country  and  Tibet. 

No  work  on  Lilies,  however  small,  would  be  complete 
without  mention  of  the  man  who  above  all  others  has  done 


MAX    LEICHTLIN  7 

so  much  to  bring  within  reach  of  modern  gardens  many 
of  the  beautiful  species  available  to-day. 

To  the  late  Max  Leichtlin  of  Baden,  cultivators  of 
hardy  plants  owe  a  debt  far  greater  than  many  of  them  are 
aware  of,  and  growers  of  Lilies  a  great  deal  more ;  for 
though  he  was  not  a  collector  or  discoverer  of  new  species 
in  the  sense  that  Thunberg,  von  Siebold,  Regel,  Fischer, 
or  Maximowicz  were,  to  mention  only  a  few  names  out  of 
many,  yet  his  were  the  hands  to  which  so  many  collectors 
sent  their  finds,  sure  in  the  knowledge  that  if  he  could  not 
manage  the  plants  no  one  could  do  anything  with  them. 

Hence  it  comes  about  that  so  many  fine  modern  Lilies 
owe  their  introduction  to  gardens  to  that  modest  and 
retiring  man  in  whose  garden  on  the  hillside  at  Baden 
they  were  cultivated  with  such  sympathetic  intelligence 
and  exceptional  success. 

Leichtlin  originally  distributed  L.  dalmaticum,  which 
he  himself  discovered,  as  well  as  L.  Washingtonianum, 
L.  Humboldtii,  L.  columbianum,  and  several  other  species 
from  the  Pacific  slopes  ;  L.  sinicum,  L.  longiflorum  var. 
Wilsonii,  L.  Hansonii,  L.  tigrinum  splendens,  L.  myriophyllum, 
L.  philadelphicum  var.  Wansharicum,  and  L.  pardalinum 
var.  puberulum. 


CHAPTER   II 
GENERAL   CULTURE    IN   GREAT   BRITAIN 

THE  geographical  range  of  Lilies  extending  from  Western 
Europe  through  Asia  to  the  Eastern  Coast  of  Northern 
America,  it  is  not  surprising  that  difficulties  are  met  with  in 
their  management  in  a  country  where  the  climatic  conditions 


8        PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

generally  are  so  diverse  and  so  different  to  those  which 
obtain  in  the  countries  whence  the  majority  of  Lilies  come, 
but  with  the  exception  of  the  few  requiring  sub-tropical 
heat,  there  seems  no  reason  why  any  one  determined  to  do 
so  should  not  succeed  in  growing  nine-tenths  of  the  species 
out-of-doors,  except  perhaps  in  the  colder  parts  of  the 
country. 

There  are  many  kinds  that  present  no  more  difficulty  to 
the  intelligent  grower  than  do  Daffodils  or  Tulips  ;  all  it  is 
necessary  to  do  is  to  procure  sound  bulbs  and  plant  them 
under  suitable  conditions.  But  no  one  should  attempt  the 
cultivation  of  the  more  troublesome  sorts  without  a  stout 
heart,  a  large  stock  of  patience,  and  a  determination  to  get 
to  the  bottom  of  the  difficulties  with  which  he  will  be  faced 
from  time  to  time,  and  which,  while  sometimes  seeming 
almost  invincible,  may  one  by  one  be  overcome,  leaving 
behind  them  ample  reward  in  the  delight  with  which  the 
patient  grower  will  watch  the  unfolding  of  such  exquisite 
blooms  as  L.  Leichtlinii,  L.  Kelloggii,  L.  rubescens,  or  L. 
japonicum,  to  name  only  a  few  of  the  less  well  understood 
but  very  beautiful  sorts. 

A  cold  wet  winter  following  a  damp  and  cheerless 
summer  will  inevitably  try  the  patience  of  the  most  enthusi- 
astic cultivator ;  but  when  the  importance,  and  indeed  the 
necessity,  of  sharp  drainage  is  better  understood  than  it 
seems  to  be  at  the  present  time,  the  decimating  effect  of 
such  conditions  of  weather  as  not  infrequently  obtain  in 
Great  Britain  can  be  prevented  to  a  great  extent,  though  it 
is  not  likely  that  many  of  the  more  delicate  kinds  would 
survive  ifjieft  for  long  to  look  after  themselves. 

As  a  preliminary  to  success,  it  is  essential  that  the 
would-be  Lily  grower  should  obtain  really  sound  bulbs  ;  it 


CULTURE    IN    BRITAIN  9 

is  not  necessary  that  they  should  be  large  or  fully  grown 
— indeed,  as  a  rule,  young  bulbs  take  more  kindly  to  trans- 
plantation than  those  that  are  fully  grown — but  it  is  essen- 
tial that  the  bulbs  should  be  fresh,  firm,  and  not  soft  or 
shrivelled  :  rather  than  be  satisfied  with  the  latter,  let  the 
amateur  raise  his  own  stock  from  seed  or  scales,  a  by  no 
means  difficult  process  and  by  far  the  most  satisfactory  in 
every  way  in  the  end. 

The  buying  of  Lily  bulbs  of  the  more  difficult  sorts, 
such  as  are  imported  from  America  or  Asia,  is  gambling 
pure  and  simple,  for  only  a  comparatively  small  number  of 
such  bulbs  ever  become  established  in  gardens  ;  and  when 
one  remembers  the  treatment  the  bulbs  go  through  from  the 
time  they  are  taken  up  by  collectors  in  the  Californian 
woods,  or  harvested  by  the  growers  in  Japan,  till  they  reach 
their  final  resting-place,  the  wonder  is  that  any  remain  to 
flower  and  whet  the  appetite  of  the  enthusiast  for  more. 

Lilies  are  commonly  reported,  often  prematurely  and 
on  insufficient  grounds,  to  succeed  in  Great  Britain  in  such 
varying  circumstances  that  no  hard-and-fast  rule  can  be  laid 
down,  but  the  opinion  may  be  hazarded  that  in  the  cultiva- 
dOn  of  Lilies  success — and  by  this  is  meant  the  permanent 
establishment  of  the  plants  in  the  garden — with  a  majo- 
rity of  the  species,  depends  rather  more  on  conditions  of 
moisture  and  soil  than  on  those  of  climate  ;  for  no  Lilies 
hailing  from  temperate  regions  seem  to  mind  heat  or  cold 
within  ordinary  limits  ;  and  while  many  sorts  will  flourish 
in  a  wet  summer  provided  the  soil  and  planting  are  suitable, 
not  many  species  apparently  can  stand  a  prolonged  drought. 
This  may  perhaps  give  the  key  to  the  absence  of  Lilies  from 
tropical  countries.  At  the  same  time,  only  the  more  robust 
sorts  appear  to  bear  successfully  with  excessive  moisture 


io     PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

when  the  bulbs  are  dormant,  and  one  of  the  principal 
difficulties  confronting  the  individual  who  would  grow  all 
known  temperate  species  in  his  garden  lies  in  the  fact  that 
few  of  his  bulbs  are  at  rest  at  the  same  time.  The  flower- 
ing season  of  one  species  coincides  with  the  resting  period  of 
another ;  so  that  the  cultivator  must  somehow  contrive  that 
bulbs  of  L.  Washingtonianum,  L.  tenuifolium,  or  L.  rubellum, 
for  instance,  which  bloom  in  June,  may  remain  comparatively 
dry  during  August  and  September  when  the  bulbs  are  at 
rest,  while  the  many  sorts  which  flower  in  the  autumn  may 
at  the  same  time  be  receiving  the  moisture  which  is  so 
essential  to  their  well-being. 

Deep  cultivation,  a  cool  subsoil,  and  thorough  drainage 
will  undoubtedly  go  far  to  effect  the  desired  object,  but  per- 
fection will  probably  never  be  attained  in  Great  Britain,  at 
any  rate  away  from  the  southern  and  western  coast-line, 
without  some  underground  system  of  irrigation  by  pipes  or 
other  means,  so  that  when  it  is  needed  water  can  be  carried 
well  down  below  the  roots  of  the  bulbs.  But  though  mois- 
ture or  the  absence  of  it  is  all-important  at  the  proper 
seasons,  it  must  not  be  thought  that  the  Lily  grower  can  do 
altogether  without  warmth ;  for  while,  as  already  explained, 
numerous  sorts  seem  to  be  more  or  less  independent  of  it, 
there  are  many  species  that  will  not  expand  their  flowers 
properly  nor  ripen  their  seeds  in  a  season  that  is  compara- 
tively sunless,  and,  as  far  as  Great  Britain  is  concerned, 
comparatively  cold.  This  holds  good  more  especially  for 
some  of  the  Californian  and  Japanese  species,  and  it  must 
be  remembered  that  the  summer  in  those  countries  is  more 
or  less  tropical. 

Then,  again,  the  nature  of  the  soil  enters  largely  into  the 
Lily  grower's  operations,  and  he  who  has  to  deal  with  a 


SOIL  ii 

sandy  or  gravelly  loam  such  as  is  found,  for  instance,  in 
parts  of  Surrey,  Sussex,  and  Hampshire,  has  a  great  advan- 
tage over  the  individual  whose  gardening  operations  have 
to  be  carried  out  on  clay,  marl,  or  soils  of  a  calcareous  or 
limy  nature. 

To  some  Lilies  lime  is  poison,  while  others  seem  in- 
different to  its  presence,  and,  curiously  enough,  those  which 
flourish  on  limestone  soils  are  also  those  which  will  stand 
more  drought  than  most  species  and  full  exposure  to  all  the 
sun  they  get  in  Great  Britain  ;  for  example,  L.  candidum,  L. 
testaceum,  L.  Martagon,  L.  pomponium,  L.  pyrenaicum,  and 
L.  monadelphum. 

Many  of  the  more  easily  grown  Lilies  thrive  in  loamy 
soils  that  are  if  anything  a  trifle  on  the  heavy  side,  and, 
generally  speaking,  it  may  be  said  that  ground  that  will  grow 
a  good  crop  of  potatoes  will  do  for  the  more  robust  Lilies. 

For  the  more  difficult  kinds,  most  of  which  are  so 
beautiful  that  every  one  should  at  least  try  to  grow  them, 
the  ground  in  most  gardens  will  have  to  be  prepared,  and  it 
may  be  taken  that  as  a  rule  the  object  is  to  produce  a  soil 
which,  while  generally  without  lime,  will  always  be  open 
and  free,  never  clammy  and  cold  or  sour,  and  at  the  same 
time  cool  in  hot  weather ;  such,  in  fact,  as,  while  not  too 
sandy,  will  stand  a  good  deal  of  treading  on  when  it  is  wet 
without  binding. 

In  the  making  up  of  lime-free  soils  the  great  difficulty 
one  has  to  contend  with  is  the  production  of  a  mixture 
which  will  not  turn  acid  in  the  course  of  a  season,  and  it  is 
by  no  means  easy  to  do  this,  the  usual  Lily  compost  of  loam, 
grit,  peat,  and  leaf-mould  being  in  itself  useless  for  many 
of  the  more  difficult  sorts. 

No  grower  of  plants  can  lay  down  the  law  for  others, 


12     PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

but  in  growing  difficult  Lilies  it  may  be  safely  said  that 
the  balance  of  failures  and  successes  goes  to  justify  the 
cultivator  who  uses  fine  and  coarse  grit,  wood  ashes  and 
charcoal,  with  a  much  freer  hand  than  is  generally  advised, 
and  who,  above  everything  else,  attends  not  only  to  the  pro- 
vision of  water  when  it  is  needed,  but  the  getting  rid  of  it 
when  his  bulbs  are  at  rest. 


CHAPTER   III 
MANAGEMENT   OF   CALIFORNIAN    LILIES 

"  Go  with  me  in  the  Coast  Range  Mountains  to  where,  high 
in  their  bosom,  some  living  stream  has  formed  a  little  vale 
deep  with  sandy  loam  and  wash  from  the  surrounding 
slopes,  and  there,  overtopping  the  tall  grasses  and  weeds 
which  are  stimulated  to  a  luxurious  growth,  I  will  show  you 
the  beautiful  Panther  Lily,  higher  than  a  man  and  glorious 
in  its  orange  and  red  bloom,  its  bulb  in  a  sharp,  well-drained 
soil,  its  roots  running  down  to  abundant  moisture.  In  such 
spots  it  grew  by  acres  before  civilisation  with  its  plough  and 
pig  came  along  :  I  have  often  seen  masses  containing  200 
to  300  bulbs  solidly  matted  together.  If  it  is  on  the  bank 
of  the  stream  in  deep  sandy  loam  where  the  roots  can  run 
down  to  water  it  is  even  happier.  It  glories  in  air  and  sun- 
shine, and  where  the  banks  of  the  streams  are  shaded,  the 
plant  never  equals  its  stature  in  more  open  places." 

The  Panther  Lily  (L.  pardalinum),  of  which  Mr.  Carl 
Purdy  draws  such  an  alluring  word  picture,  is  a  plant  of  the 
most  simple  culture,  requiring  no  special  care,  but  many 
of  the  other  Lilies  of  California  are  rather  difficult  to  manage 
in  all  but  the  sunniest  parts  of  Great  Britain,  and  any  one 


PLATE   II 
L.   MYRIOPHYLLUM 


CALIFORNIAN   LILIES  15 

wishing  to  succeed  permanently  with  such  beautiful  plants 
as  L.  Parry  i,  Bolanderi,  Kelloggii,  rubescens,  Washingtonianum, 
maritimum,  and  columbianum  will  find  it  necessary  to  take 
more  trouble  over  them  than  with  pardalinum,  Humboldtii 
magnificum,  or  others  of  the  more  easily  managed  Lilies.  At 
the  same  time,  all  the  trouble  one  can  take  is  amply  repaid  by 
the  sight,  for  instance,  of  a  clump  of  L.  Parry  i  in  full  bloom. 

The  essentials  to  success  with  most  of  these  more  diffi- 
cult species  seem  to  be  light  and  air,  a  moist  subsoil,  fairly 
dry  top  soil,  some  protection  against  cold,  and,  above  all, 
quick  drainage. 

Sunlight,  and  the  warmth  it  brings  with  it,  seems  almost 
life  itself  to  these  children  of  the  Pacific  coast,  but  much  as 
they  love  the  sun,  he  is  powerless  to  keep  them  in  health 
and  strength  unless  the  ground  in  which  they  grow  is  to 
their  liking. 

It  may  truly  be  said  that  while  the  ground  deep  down 
below  the  bulbs  should  be  moist,  the  top  soil  must  be  open 
and  free  of  stagnant  moisture,  the  drainage  of  the  bulbs 
being  as  sharp  as  can  be. 

Plant,  therefore,  your  rarer  Californian  Lilies,  as  to  aspect, 
in  full  sun,  and  in  a  kindly  loam  made  very  porous  with  grit  and 
charcoal,  and  overlying  a  stiffer  and  more  retentive  loam  that 
will  hold  the  moisture  to  the  long  roots  but  not  to  the  bulb. 

To  make  certain  of  drainage,  lay  the  bulbs  on  inverted 
pots,  and,  that  the  sun  may  not  parch  the  ground,  let  them 
be  planted  among  dwarf  shrubs  such  as  the  Vacciniums, 
Pernettyas,  or  Epi  mediums. 

Then,  provided  the  bulbs  are  sound  to  begin  with  and 
you  remember  to  water  the  ground  in  a  dry  summer,  they 
should  establish  themselves  in  a  year  or  two,  and  more  than 
repay  all  the  care  the  amateur  can  lavish  on  them. 


16     PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

CHAPTER  IV 
MANAGEMENT  OF  JAPANESE  LILIES 

THOUGH,  in  common  with  their  sisters  of  the  West,  counting 
among  their  number  some  plants  of  easy  culture,  several  of 
the  Lilies  of  the  East  do  not  readily  respond  to  the  blandish- 
ments of  the  grower  in  Great  Britain  ;  and  difficult  as  are 
some  of  the  Californian  Lilies,  there  is  among  the  Lilies  of 
Japan  one — L.  Leichtlinii — which,  if  more  lovely  than  most 
of  the  members  of  a  beautiful  family,  is  at  the  same  time  of 
all  species  in  cultivation  probably  the  most  wayward  and 
difficult  to  manage. 

The  different  sorts  of  Lilies  grow  in  Japan  under  such 
varying  conditions  of  climate  and  situation  that  no  sug- 
gestions of  a  general  nature  as  to  their  management  can  be 
made  as  in  the  case  of  the  Californian  Lilies,  but,  broadly 
speaking,  they  may  be  divided  into  two  main  groups  which 
for  convenience  may  be  called  plants  of  the  Woodlands 
and  of  the  Sun  respectively,  L.  auratum  being  as  typical  of 
the  former  as  is  L.  elegans  of  the  latter.  A  further  sub- 
division would  group  these  again  into — (i)  Lilies  indigenous 
to  Hokkaido  and  the  Main  Island  of  Hondo,  and  as  to  the 
hardiness  of  which  there  is  no  question,  since  most  of  them 
may  be  frozen  without  hurt ;  and  (2)  those  which  are  found 
growing  wild  in  many  of  the  small  islands  south  of  Japan 
between  Hondo  and  Formosa,  and  which  cannot  reason- 
ably be  expected  to  be  so  hardy  in  English  gardens  as 
their  more  northern  sisters. 

Assuming  that  the  cultivator  has  good  bulbs  to  begin 
with — and  if  not,  failure  is  certain — the  ordinary  run  of 
Japanese  Lilies  is  not  difficult  of  culture,  the  main  point  to 


JAPANESE   LILIES  17 

remember  being  that  as  these  plants  have  two  sets  of  roots, 
one  at  the  base  of  the  bulb  as  in  all  Lilies,  and  another  at 
the  foot  of  the  stem  immediately  above  the  bulb,  they  must 
not  be  treated  in  the  same  fashion  as  Lilies  which  root  only 
from  the  bulb. 

It  is  necessary,  then,  to  plant  these  bulbs  more  deeply 
than  many,  in  order  that  the  stem  roots  may  have  a  good 
depth  of  soil  from  which  to  draw  the  nourishment  so 
necessary  to  the  proper  development  of  the  flowers.  It  is 
essential  that  the  top  soil  should  be  rich  though  at  the  same 
time  porous,  and  good  drainage  is  a  sine  qua  non  or  the 
bulbs  will  very  likely  rot  during  the  resting  period. 

It  is  important  that  Japanese  Lilies  of  every  kind  be 
planted  among  ground-shading  shrubs  of  a  height  pro- 
portionate to  the  growth  of  the  Lily,  so  that  the  earth  over 
the  stem-roots  may  not  be  baked  by  the  sun. 

Whether  they  are  planted  in  a  position  so  that  the 
flowers  are  fully  or  only  partially  exposed  to  the  sun, 
depends  not  only  on  the  soil  but  also  on  the  part  of  the 
country  in  which  the  Lilies  are  grown,  and,  one  would  like 
to  add,  on  the  amount  of  sunshine  and  heat  to  be  vouch- 
safed by  Providence  during  the  summer ;  for  while  the 
gardener  can  supply  all  their  other  wants,  he  cannot  give 
his  garden  Lilies  sunlight  and  heat  when  Nature  fails  him. 
As,  however,  where  sunshine  is  concerned,  gardeners  have 
to  "  take  it  as  it  comes,"  one  must  strive  to  strike  a  happy 
mean,  so  that  whether  the  English  summer  is  tropical  or 
arctic  the  Lilies  may  not  suffer  over  much. 

In  an  exceptionally  hot  summer  the  bloom  of  some  of 
the  woodland  sorts  will  almost  certainly  "  flare "  rather 
quickly  if  fully  exposed  all  day  to  the  sun,  and  the  flowers 
undoubtedly  last  a  good  deal  longer  in  hot  summers  if  the 

B 


i8      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

Lilies  grow  in  some  place  which  is  not  exactly  shaded  but  in 
which  the  rays  of  the  sun  are  broken  to  the  blooms.  At 
the  same  time,  in  this  country,  the  bulbs  in  such  positions 
probably  do  not  ripen  so  well  as  those  in  full  exposure,  and 
it  is  certainly  easy  to  overdo  the  shade. 

But  so  much  depends  on  the  position  of  the  garden  that 
every  grower  should  experiment  for  himself,  planting  some 
of  the  Japanese  woodland  Lilies  in  full  sun  and  others  in 
partial  shade,  making  careful  observation  of  the  results 
during  successive  summers  and  deducing  his  own  con- 
clusions. 

The  Lilies  which  delight  in  full  exposure  to  the  sun  are 
of  the  Isolirion  group,  and  include  the  elegans  section ;  for 
these  the  top  soil  should  be  lighter  than  for  the  woodland 
plants,  the  same  care  being  taken  to  shield  the  ground,  as 
distinct  from  the  bloom,  from  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun. 

Taking  some  of  the  species  individually,  it  may  be  said 
that  L.  Hansonii,  like  many  Martagons,  will  grow  almost 
anywhere,  and  is  at  home  in  limestone  or  peaty  soil ; 
L.  auratum,  L.  speciosum,  L.  tigrinum,  L.  Brownii,  and 
L.  rubellum  prefer  a  light,  rich,  well-drained  top-soil  over- 
lying a  rather  stiff,  cool  loam,  and  in  the  author's  experience 
do  best  in  ground  that  is  free  from  lime — indeed  the  first 
three  dwindle  away  in  limy  ground. 

There  are  many  places  in  Great  Britain  where  L.  auratum 
grows  and  does  well  in  peaty  soil,  but  it -is  finer  still  when 
grown  over  a  rich  loam. 

L.  medeoloides — an  exquisite  little  plant  seldom  met  with 
in  this  country — is  easily  grown  in  pure  leaf-mould,  while 
L.  japonicum,  that  rather  "  miffy  "  but  very  beautiful  Lily, 
may  be  put  to  bed  in  a  very  gravelly  loam  with  the  sharpest 
of  sharp  drainage. 


THE  PLANTING  OF  LILY  BULBS    19 


CHAPTER  V 
THE    PLANTING   OF   LILY   BULBS 

THE  nature  of  the  soil,  the  aspect  and  the  depth  at  which 
the  bulbs  should  be  planted,  having  been  dealt  with  in 
other  parts  of  this  book,  it  remains  to  be  said  that  the 
actual  planting  of  all  but  the  most  vigorous  sorts  is  an 
operation  on  which  it 
is  well  to  bestow  much 
care.  To  make  a  hole 
in  the  ground  in  unpre- 
pared soil,  put  in  the 
bulb  and  cover  it,  is  with 
the  majority  of  sorts  to 
court  disaster. 

The  quickest  and  at 
the  same  time  most  simple 
and  satisfactory  plan  of 
making  the  holes  for  the 
bulbs  is  to  use  a  cylinder 
made  of  light  sheet-iron 

such  as  would  be  represented  by  a  piece  of  ordinary  stove- 
pipe about  1 8  inches  long  :  fitted  with  two  handles  at  one 
end,  this  implement,  the  general  appearance  of  which  is 
clearly  shown  in  the  illustration,  is  well  within  the  power 
of  any  village  smith  to  fashion. 

If  the  cylinder  is  grasped  by  the  two  handles  and  forced 
into  the  ground  with  a  backwards  and  forwards  rotary 
motion,  it  may  be  withdrawn  as  soon  as  the  required 
depth  has  been  reached,  leaving  behind  a  clear  round  hole 


AN  IMPLEMENT  FOR  PLANTING 
LILY  BULBS 


20      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

and  bringing  away  a  plug  of  earth  which  can  easily  be 
shaken  out. 

On  the  bottom  of  the  hole  a  handful  or  two  of  sand 
should  be  placed,  and  the  bulb  laid  on  it :  if  the  latter  does 
not  belong  to  the  stem-rooting  group,  the  hole  should 
be  filled  up  with  sharp  sand  well  pressed  down,  a  thin 
covering  of  earth  being  put  on  the  top  of  the  sand  ;  while 
if  the  Lily  is  one  of  the  stem-rooting  section,  the  bulb 
should  be  just  covered  with  sand,  the  hole  being  then  filled 
with  prepared  soil. 

If  this  very  simple  operation  is  properly  carried  out,  the 
bulb  will  be  completely  surrounded  by  sand,  which  provides 
partial  drainage  for  the  bulb  as  well  as  some  protection 
against  insects  ;  the  sand  also  keeps  the  bulbs  clean,  while 
it  has  the  great  advantage  of  facilitating  their  examination 
should  this  ever  be  necessary,  for  all  that  has  to  be  done 
is  to  take  out  the  sand  till  the  bulb  is  exposed. 

A  stake  projecting  an  inch  or  two  above  ground,  and 
preferably  of  metal,  because,  unlike  wood,  it  does  not  rot, 
should  be  put  into  the  earth  immediately  behind  the  bulb, 
so  that  in  years  to  come  there  may  be  no  doubt  as  to  its 
exact  whereabouts. 

Different-sized  bulbs  require  holes  of  different  diameters, 
but  three  cylinders  of  6,  4,  and  3  inches  respectively  serve 
for  all  known  sorts. 

The  time  to  plant  bulbs  varies  according  to  the  species, 
but  as  a  rule  it  may  be  said  that  planting  should  begin  with 
the  earliest  sorts  in  the  first  half  of  September,  going  on 
through  October  and  till  the  end  of  November,  by  which 
time  all  Lilies  should  have  been  put  into  their  permanent 
quarters. 

Many  bulbs  imported  from  the  East  and  America  do 


PLANTING    AMONG    SHRUBS     21 

not  commonly  arrive  in  this  country  much  before  Christmas, 
but  with  the  exception  of  certain  of  the  more  robust  sorts, 
such  as  L.  tigrinum,  newly  imported  bulbs  should  not  be 
planted  direct  into  the  garden.  The  bulbs  should  always 
be  potted  up  for  the  first  season,  to  be  turned  out  of  the 
pots  at  the  proper  time,  during  the  succeeding  year,  when 
all  that  have  formed  good  roots  may  be  planted  out  with 
every  hope  of  success,  the  bad  bulbs  being  discarded  and 
those  about  which  there  is  any  doubt  potted  on  again. 

If  the  bulbs  are  to  be  obtained  from  some  grower  in 
Great  Britain,  he  should  be  asked  to  send  them  as  soon 
as  they  can  safely  be  lifted,  and  care  should  be  taken  to  see 
that  they  are  planted  at  once,  and  not  left  about  to  get  dry 
and  shrivelled. 

If  for  any  reason,  such  as  delay  in  the  preparation  of  a 
bed,  the  planting  of  established  bulbs  has  to  be  deferred  till 
late  in  the  year,  the  bulbs  should  be  obtained  when  they 
are  ready  to  lift  and  laid  on  their  sides  in  a  trench  filled 
in  with  sand,  which  should  be  damped  occasionally  so  that 
the  bulbs  are  not  allowed  to  get  dry. 


CHAPTER  VI 
SHRUBS   FOR  ASSOCIATION   WITH    LILIES 

IT  has  been  explained,  in  the  chapter  dealing  with  the 
general  cultivation  of  Lilies,  that  many  of  the  species  should 
be  planted  among  shrubs,  so  that  the  ground  about  the 
bulbs  may  not  be  parched  by  the  sun,  and  this  refers  more 
especially  to  all  Lilies  with  stem-roots. 

Where  the  collection  of  Lilies  in  a  garden  is  large,  it  is 
by  no  means  easy  to  find  sufficient  shrubs  of  a  suitable 


22       PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

character  to  go  round,  especially  as  evergreens  should  be 
used  if  Lilies  are  to  have  that  slight  protection  from  late 
frosts  which  is  of  great  importance  to  many  of  them.  Such 
difficulties  as  there  are  in  selecting  the  shrubs  are  increased 
by  the  fact  that  many  of  the  most  suitable  ground-shading 
shrubs  are  lime-haters,  and  can  therefore  only  be  used  for 
certain  Lilies. 

Of  evergreens  that  flourish  in  soils  containing  lime, 
Veronica  Traversii,  the  Skimmias,  Olearia  Haastii,  Berberis 
Knightiiy  B.  dulcis  and  B.  aquilegifolium ;  several  of  the 
Cistus  family,  Garrya  and  Osmanthus,  are  excellent  for 
sheltering  the  taller-growing  limestone  Lilies,  such  as  Henryi, 
candidum,  monadelphum,  dalmaticum,  Humboldtii,  and  tes- 
taceum ;  while  Rhododendron  racemosum,  Mitraria  cocci- 
nea,  Olearia  nummularifolia,  Berberis  dulcis  nana,  Daphne 
Cneorum  and  D.  fioniana,  many  of  the  Hypericums  and 
several  of  the  Epimediums  and  Pernettyas,  Lavender, 
both  French  and  English,  cannot  be  improved  upon  as 
ground  shelter  for  Lilies  of  medium  growth  that  do  not 
mind  lime,  such  as  Martagon  and  M.  album,  Hansonii, 
pomponium,  croceum,  umbellatum,  carniolicum,  chalcedoni- 
cum,  pyrenaicum,  sutchuenense,  myriophyllum,  longiflorum, 
and  bulbiferum. 

For  the  dwarfer  Lilies,  such  as  tenuifolium,  elegans, 
"Golden  Gleam,"  and  concolor,  Veronica  Armstrongii,  V. 
Hedorii,  V.  Bidwellii,  and  V.  cupressoides,  and  Azara  micro- 
phylla  answer  admirably. 

Coming  to  the  host  of  woodland  Lilies,  we  can  use  the 
larger  Rhododendrons  as  protection  for  the  tall-growing 
L.  auratum,  L.  superbum,  L.  pardalinum,  and  L.  Henryi 
— for  L.  Henryi  grows  well  in  woodland  or  limestone 
soil — taking  care  not  to  let  the  Rhododendrons  smother 


RAISING    LILIES    FROM    SEED     23 

the  Lilies   in    course   of  years,  as  they   will   if   not   kept 
down. 

Rhododendron  hirsutum,  Gaultheria  Shallon,  G.  nummu- 
larioideSy  Azalea  amana  and  the  variety  alba  ;  Kalmia  glauca, 
K.  nana,  and  K.  angustifolia,  Ledum  latifolium  and  palustre, 
Pieris  japonica,  and  one  or  two  of  the  Vacciniums  are 
suitable  for  L.  Parryi,  L.  Grayi,  L.  Washingtonianum,  L. 
speciosuni,  L.  rubescens,  L.  Roezlii,  L.  rubellum,  L.  parvum, 
L.  Leichtliniiy  L.  japonicum,  L.  columbianum,  L.  Brownii, 
L.  canadense,  L.  Batemannice  and  L.  Maximowiczii ;  while 
for  the  dwarf  and  slender  Lilies  of  the  East  and  West,  such 
as  L.  medeoloideSj  L.  maritimum,  L.  Kelloggii,  L.  Bolanderi, 
and  L.  Catesbcei,  we  can  use  miniature  shrubs  such  as 
Mitchella  rep  ens,  Azalea  serpyllifolia,  Gaultheria  tricophylla, 
G.  procumbens,  the  tiny  Azalea  procumbens,  Pachystima 
Myrsinites,  P.  Canbyi,  Andromeda  fastigiata,  A.  tetragona, 
Polygonum  vaccinifolium,  Bruckenthalia,  Epigcea  repens, 
Ardisia,  and  several  species  of  Erica. 


CHAPTER   VII 
RAISING    LILIES   FROM    SEED 

WHILE  popularly  supposed  to  be  an  operation  shrouded  in 
mystery  and  involving  considerable  difficulty,  the  raising  of 
Lilies  from  seed  is  in  reality  a  very  simple  matter,  often 
indeed  child's  play  compared  to  the  difficulty  of  procuring 
seeds  of  some  rare  sorts. 

All  Lilies  without  exception  can  be  raised  either  from 
seed  or  by  scale  propagation.  Having  obtained  the  seed,  all 
that  is  necessary  is  to  sow  it,  as  soon  as  possible  after  it  is 


24      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

ripe,  either  in  pans  if  of  a  rare  species,  or  in  the  case  of 
commoner  sorts  in  prepared  beds  in  the  garden. 

If  sown  in  pans,  the  seed  may  be  just  covered  with  a 
layer  of  sand,  and  care  should  be  taken  that  the  pans  are 
never  allowed  to  get  either  bone  dry  or  soddened  with  wet, 
for  either  extreme  is  fatal  to  success.  It  is  a  good  plan 
to  plunge  the  pans  in  sea  sand,  as  that  material  holds  the 
moisture  better  than  ashes  and  it  does  not  harbour  any 
insects  worth  bothering  about. 

Heat  is  not  necessary  for  the  raising  of  Lily  seedlings, 
except  of  the  sub-tropical  sorts,  and  a  cold  frame  or  house 
supplies  all  the  protection  required,  frost  and  the  direct 
rays  of  the  sun  being  of  course  excluded. 

The  seed  of  some  sorts  germinates  more  slowly  than 
others,  and  in  some  cases  will  remain  dormant  for  three 
years,  but  if  it  does  not  show  during  the  first  year  the  seed 
should  be  examined  in  case  it  has  "gone  off,"  and  if  plump 
should  be  left  alone. 

At  the  end  of  the  first  year's  growth  it  will  be  necessary 
to  give  the  seedlings  more  room,  and  this  can  be  done  in 
the  case  of  the  rarer  Lilies  by  planting  them  again  in  pans 
for  the  second  season,  spacing  the  tiny  bulbs  about  an  inch 
apart ;  at  the  end  of  that  time  they  should  be  strong  enough 
to  fend  for  themselves  and  may  be  put  out  in  rows  in  a 
nursery  bed  of  light,  free  soil,  which  should  have  some 
protection  not  only  from  cold  but  also  from  excessive  rain, 
for  alternations  of  wet  with  severe  frosty  weather  may  cause 
considerable  mortality  if  the  seedlings  are  unprotected. 
Seed  of  the  more  robust  sorts,  such  as  L.  Henryi,  L. 
monadelphum,  and  L.  dalmaticum,  for  instance,  may  be 
sown  in  beds  in  the  open,  and  protected  from  heavy  rains 
so  that  the  seeds  may  not  be  washed  out. 

Propagation  by  scales  is  very  simple,  and  this  method 


PLATE   III 

L.   SPECIOSUM   VAR.    KRAETZERI 
(See  pp.  31,  70.) 


HYBRIDS    AND    VARIETIES       27 

has  the  advantage  of  being  quicker  than  when  seed  is  used  ; 
the  scales  are  sown  in  pans  in  the  same  way  as  seeds,  but 
rather  deeper  and  with  more  sand  over  them.  If  things  go 
right,  the  scales,  like  the  seedlings,  should  be  turned  out 
of  the  pans  at  the  end  of  the  season,  and  it  will  be  found 
that  there  is  a  small  bulb,  rather  larger  than  a  seedling, 
attached  to  most  of  them. 

Some  of  the  Japanese  sorts,  such  as  L.  auratum,  seeds 
of  which  it  is  not  always  easy  to  obtain,  are  easily  raised  in 
this  fashion,  and  all  the  Western  American  Lilies  come  readily 
from  scales. 

CHAPTER   VIII 
HYBRID    LILIES   AND   VARIETIES 

THE  number  of  Lilies  known  to  be  hybrids  is  not  large, 
and  few  of  them  are  equal  to  either  of  the  parents  used  in 
producing  the  cross. 

Of  hybrid  Lilies  as  to  the  beauty  of  which  there  can  be 
no  question,  L.  Parkmannii,  the  auratum-speciosum  cross 
and  no  doubt  the  finest  of  all,  was  at  one  time  more  or  less 
common  in  America,  but  is  not  now  known  to  be  in 
cultivation. 

Every  one  is  familiar  with  L.  testaceum  and  knows  that 
it  is  reputed  to  be  a  cross  between  the  Madonna  Lily  and  L. 
chalcedonicum  ;  indeed  from  time  to  time  there  are  rumours 
that  the  plant  has  been  successfully  reproduced  by  crossing 
these  Lilies,  and  probably  nothing  but  a  certain  latent  objec- 
tion on  the  part  of  L.  candidum  to  setting  seed  when  fer- 
tilised by  L.  chalcedonicum  and  others  has  stood  in  the  way 
of  the  production  de  novo  of  this  Lily  over  and  over  again. 

The  exquisite  little  Lily  from  a  cross  between  L. 
Martagon  album  and  L.  tenuifolium  called  "  Golden  Gleam/' 


28      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

which  was  raised  by  Mr.  Huftelen  and  has  lately  made 
its  appearance  in  this  country,  may  be  described  as  a 
vigorous-growing  tenuifolium  with  apricot-coloured  blooms  ; 
it  is  an  undoubted  acquisition  to  our  list  of  good  Lilies, 
and  that  is  more  than  can  truthfully  be  said  of  the  many 
Hansonii  hybrids,  all  of  which  may  surely  be  charitably 
consigned  to  the  rubbish-heap. 

L.  Burbankii,  a  reputed  cross  between  L.  Washing- 
tonianum  and  L.  pardalinum,  has  none  of  the  good  points 
of  either  parent,  but  an  unnamed  hybrid  between  L. 
Humboldtii  and  L.  pardalinum  has  proved  a  magnificent 
plant,  exceeding  both  parents  in  the  vigour  of  its  growth. 

L.  Kewense,  a  fine  cross  between  L.  Brownii  var.  chlor- 
aster  and  L.  Henryi,  has  never  been  common  and  is  all  but 
lost  to  cultivation,  though  possibly  it  can  be  reproduced  ; 
in  this  instance  the  influence  of  L.  Brownii  is  not  very 
evident,  except  perhaps  in  the  cream-coloured  petals  of  the 
flower,  which  takes  the  shape  of  L.  auratum  rather  than 
that  of  either  parent. 

At  the  Lily  Conference  in  1901  a  hybrid  between  L. 
Parryi  and  L.  pardalinum  was  shown  in  flower  by  the 
raiser,  Mr.  Snow  Whall. 

With  their  origin  wrapt  in  mystery,  it  is  difficult  to  say 
anything  definite  of  the  several  Japanese  Lilies  which,  to  the 
observant  eye,  savour  of  mixed  blood.  All  we  can  say  of 
L.  Maximowicziiy  for  instance,  is  that  it  must  surely  be  the 
result  of  the  mating  of  L.  Leichtlinii  with  L.  tigrinum,  and 
yet  every  endeavour  made  by  the  author  to  cross  these  two 
species  has  so  far  failed. 

Then,  again,  that  fine  and  vigorous  plant  L.  sutchuenense 
bears  obvious  traces  of  a  near  relationship  to  L.  tigrinum, 
and  one  would  think  that  the  union  of  the  tiny  Chinese 


NATURAL   VARIETIES  29 

L.  concolor  with  the  Tiger  Lily  must  have  been  responsible 
for  the  birth  of  L.  Wallacei. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  hybrid  Lilies — with  the  exception 
of  the  Hansonii  set — do  not  generally  produce  seed,  so  that 
their  increase  has  to  be  carried  on  by  scale-propagation. 
If  seed  were  available  it  would  hardly  be  likely  to  come  true. 

Of  natural  varieties  and  garden  forms  of  Lilies  there  is 
seemingly  no  end,  but  a  distinction  should  be  drawn  between 
them,  because  while  many  of  the  varieties  of  nursery  or 
garden  origin  are  but  poor  things,  all  but  a  few  of  the 
geographical  varieties  of  species  that  are  found  in  Nature 
are  worth  a  place  in  gardens. 

The  varieties  of  L.  Brownii,  for  instance — chloraster  and 
leucanthum — are  quite  as  fine  as  the  type,  while  the  same 
may  be  said  of  auratum  macranthum  or  platyphyllum  (see 
Frontispiece),  a  plant  that  many  prefer  to  the  type. 

L.  longiflorum  has  many  beautiful  forms,  and  one  in 
particular  in  the  plant  that  was  sent  to  this  country  some 
years  ago  as  L.  longiflorum  var.  formosanum. 

There  are  probably  more  wild  forms  of  the  Panther  Lily 
than  of  any  other,  and  one  of  them,  L.  Roezlii,  which  Mr. 
Carl  Purdy  considers  a  true  bog  Lily,  is  so  different  that  it 
might  almost  be  considered  a  distinct  species.  Fine  named 
forms  of  the  Panther  Lily  are  Johnsonii,  californicum, 
Michauxii,  Bourgaei,  and  angustifolium  ;  Warei,  which  Mr. 
Purdy  describes  as  a  clear  yellow,  unspotted,  fragrant  variety 
and  a  transitional  form  between  L.  pardalinum  and  L.  Parryi, 
seems  to  be  lost  to  cultivation. 

Of  the  Madonna  Lily  there  are  two  or  three  good 
varieties,  the  best  being  the  black-stemmed  peregrinum, 
while  another  form,  aureo-marginatum,  in  which  the  leaves 
have  golden  edges,  is  not  often  seen. 


30      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

Other  European  Lilies  having  geographical  varieties  are 
L.  chalcedonicum  y  a  vigorous,  tall-growing  form  of  which  is 
maculatum,  while  L.  Heldreichii  is  considered  by  Baker  as 
intermediate  between  L.  chalcedonicum  and  L.  carniolicum. 
L.  Martagon  has  the  variety  dalmaticum,  one  of  the  most 
stately  and  vigorous  Lilies,  of  which  the  form  Cattaniae  is 
an  instance  of  colour  variation.  L.  monadelphum,  a  noble 
plant,  varies  a  great  deal,  while  Chaixii  is  a  diminutive  and 
not  very  attractive  form  of  the  Orange  Lily,  L.  croceum. 

Of  Californian  Lilies  besides  L.  pardalinum,  already  re- 
ferred to,  L.  Humboldtii  gives  us  two  local  varieties,  both 
from  Southern  California,  magnificum  and  Bloomerianum, 
the  latter  a  dwarf  form,  peculiar  in  having  stem-roots.  L. 
Parvum  has  an  exquisite  variety  in  luteum. 

The  beautiful  Washington  Lily  from  the  Sierras  (L. 
Washingtonianum)  has  two  varieties  in  purpureum  and 
rubescens,  both  of  which  are  distinct  and  quite  as  beautiful 
as  the  type. 

Reverting  to  the  Lilies  of  the  East,  we  find  in  coridion  a 
yellow  form  of  the  tiny  Chinese  L.  concolor,  while  pulchellum 
is  a  local  form  of  the  same  Lily. 

L.  Glehnii  is  a  poor  variety  of  L.  cordifolium ;  while 
L.  odorum  and  L.  Alexandras  are  both  ranked  at  Kew  as 
forms  of  L.  japonicum. 

L.  tigrinum  Fortunei  is  a  variety  of  the  common  Tiger 
Lily,  and  when  the  two  are  grown  together  this  variety 
is  generally  preferred  to  the  type. 

In  what  may  be  termed  the  artificial  production  of 
varieties  the  Japanese  seem  pre-eminent,  and  one  must 
admit  ungrudgingly  that,  as  a  rule,  the  results  of  their 
efforts  are  quite  beautiful. 

Take,  for  instance,  the  many  Japanese  varieties  of  L. 


LILIES    IN    POTS  31 

speciosum,  such  as  Kraetzeri  and  macranthum  out  of  many  ; 
or  of  L.  auratum,  and  the  beautiful  rubro-vittatum — surely 
a  hybrid — and  think  how  much  duller  our  Lily  gardens  and 
greenhouses  would  be  without  them. 

Then  in  the  Elegans  section,  in  the  "  improving "  of 
which  the  Dutch  nurserymen  as  well  as  the  Japanese  have 
had  a  hand;  the  named  varieties  are  legion,  taking  up  an 
undue  share  of  room  in  the  bulb  catalogues,  for  it  is  open 
to  question  if  more  than  two  or  three  are  worth  growing. 

L.  umbellatum,  too,  itself  probably  of  hybrid  origin, 
has  had  quite  a  number  of  varieties  grafted  on  to  it, 
chief  among  them  being  the  blood-coloured  incomparabile, 
a  difficult  plant  to  manage  but  a  beautiful  flower. 

Some  other  Lilies  which  have  had  their  origin  in  gardens 
are  the  double  Tiger  Lily,  the  double  white  Martagon, 
L.  longiflorum  var.  Wilsonii,  the  White  Lily  with  striped 
bloom  (L.  candiduhi  var.  striatum),  and  the  four  fine  varieties 
of  L.  pardalinum,  namely,  luteum,  "Defiance,"  "Glow," 
and  "  Red  Giant." 


CHAPTER   IX 

LILIES    IN    POTS 

ALL  Lilies  may  be  grown  in  pots  except  those  which  have 
stems  that  wander  about  underground  before  pushing 
through  the  crust  of  the  earth,  such  as  L.  Leichtlinii,  L. 
sutchuenense,  and  L.  neilgherrense. 

Ordinary  flower-pots  will  do  for  some  of  the  more 
robust  kinds,  but  as  all  Lilies  appreciate  plenty  of  room 
for  their  roots,  it  is  best  to  make  use  of  the  extra  deep 


32      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

pots  which  are  now  provided  for  Lily  culture  by  many 
makers. 

Drainage  is  most  conveniently  provided  by  a  layer  of 
granite  chippings  or  clean  sifted  gravel ;  and  as  to  soil,  the 
usual  compost  of  sweet  loam,  sifted  leaf-mould,  and  sand 
seems  to  answer  well  enough  for  most  kinds,  the  addition 
of  a  proportion  of  finely  crushed  charcoal  being  of  great 
benefit. 

With  the  little  Japanese  Lily,  L.  medeoloides,  the  Hima- 
layan Wallichianum,  and  the  Burmese  L.  nepalense,  pure 
oak  leaf-mould,  with  a  pinch  of  charcoal,  is  the  most 
satisfactory  compost. 

The  larger  stem-rooting  Lilies  grow  better  if  planted 
in  pots  a  foot  deep,  and  if  the  contents  of  a  spent  hotbed 
are  mixed  with  the  soil  on  the  top  of  the  bulb  the  growth 
will  be  all  the  more  vigorous. 

After  the  bulbs  have  been  potted  up,  the  pots  should 
be  plunged  in  sand  in  a  frame  or  under  a  wall,  care  being 
taken  that,  while  the  sand  round  the  pots  is  always  moist 
during  growth,  excessive  rains  are  kept  off. 

As  time  goes  on  and  the  stems  push  through  the  soil, 
water  should  be  increased,  and  later,  when  the  buds  begin 
to  form,  the  pots  should  be  screened  from  the  direct  rays 
of  the  sun  or  moved  into  some  place  in  the  garden  where 
they  may  be  shielded  by  overhanging  branches  of  trees, 
or  by  shrubs. 

As  a  general  rule  strong-growing  Lilies  seem  to  do  better 
when  potted  singly,  but  the  smaller  species  such  as  L.  tenui- 
foliumy  L.  concolory  and  L.  elegans  may  be  nested  five  or  six  to- 
gether in  a  lo-inch  pot ;  for  these  particular  Lilies  shallower 
pots  are  satisfactory,  and  it  is  not  necessary  to  screen  them 
from  the  sun  provided  the  pots  are  kept  well  moistened. 


HALF-HARDY   LILIES  33 

If  large,  deep  pots  are  employed  for  the  stronger-growing 
sorts,  the  bulbs  may  be  used  again  and  again  for  the  pur- 
pose, care  being  taken  when  repotting  to  remove  all  offsets 
from  the  bulb  or  stem. 

In  potting  imported  bulbs  as  to  the  soundness  of  which 
there  is  any  doubt,  powdered  charcoal  should  be  dusted 
about  the  base  and  between  the  loose  outside  scales  of 
the  bulb,  as  this  tends  to  stop  the  decay  of  the  scales 
which  is  so  common  with  many  sorts,  though  it  does 
not  arrest  any  fungal  disease  that  may  be  present. 


CHAPTER  X 
HALF-HARDY   AND    SUB-TROPICAL    LILIES 

THE  really  tender  Lilies  are  few  in  number  and,  as  far  as  they 
are  known  at  present,  all  belong  to  the  group  of  Eulirions  or 
true  Lilies.  Now  and  again  some  of  them  are  said  to  grow 
in  specially  sheltered  gardens  in  a  very  warm  part  of  this 
country,  but  as  a  general  rule  they  will  disappear  during  the 
first  winter  after  flowering,  and  the  fact  that  when  planted 
out  they  flower  late  in  the  season  when  the  nights  are  cold 
and  damp,  renders  their  cultivation  in  an  ordinary  garden 
quite  out  of  the  question. 

L.  Lowii. — Though  importations  are  made  from  time 
to  time  from  Burma,  this  is  still  an  uncommon  Lily.  The 
flowers,  as  a  rule,  two  or  three  in  number,  are  unlike  those 
of  any  other  Lily,  being  short,  widely  funnelled,  and  almost 
bell-shaped,  while  their  pendulous  habit  is  characteristic 
more  of  some  of  the  Fritillaries  than  any  other  true  Lily. 
The  ground  colour  of  the  flower  is  an  ivory-white,  as  a 
rule  thickly  speckled  with  claret  spots. 

C 


34      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

Henry  found  L.  Lowii  in  Yunnan,  and  described  it  as 
having  pinkish-coloured  flowers  with  darker  spots  of  the 
same  hue,  so,  like  many  others,  it  is  evidently  a  variable 
Lily.  It  should  be  grown  under  glass  in  pots  of  pure  leaf- 
mould. 

Baker  considers  that  L.  Lowii  and  L.  Bakerianum 
cannot  properly  be  kept  distinct  from  each  other. 

L.  neilgherrense. — As  far  as  is  known,  this  is  the  only 
Lily  indigenous  to  the  South  of  India,  where  it  has  its  home 
in  the  Nilghiri  Hills,  south  of  Mysore  ;  it  is  distinguished 
by  the  extraordinary  length  of  the  flower,  and  L.  longiflorum 
would  surely  never  have  received  that  name  had  its  dis- 
coverer been  aware  of  the  existence  of  L.  neilgherrense  with 
the  beautiful,  white-funnelled  flower  as  much  as  a  foot  in 
length. 

No  attempt  should  be  made  to  grow  L.  neilgherrense  in 
pots,  because,  like  L.  Leichtlinii,  the  stem  wanders  about 
under  the  ground  before  making  an  appearance  and  needs 
plenty  of  room  ;  it  may  be  successfully  grown  in  a  bed  of 
moist  but  well-drained,  sweet  leaf-mould  in  a  house. 

L.  nepalense. — This  is  a  wild  Lily  of  the  Central  and 
Western  Himalayas,  growing  at  6000-9000  feet,  and  distinct 
from  the  other  trumpet  Lilies  of  Northern  India  in  the 
pendant  character  of  the  flowers. 

As  grown  in  temperate  houses  in  this  country  the  Lily  is 
not  so  beautiful  as  many,  and  the  distinct  suspicion  of  green 
in  the  yellow  of  the  flower,  and  which  one  may  notice 
sometimes  in  certain  of  the  Narcissi,  somehow  conveys  the 
impression  that  the  plant  needs  more  sun  to  develop  the 
true  colours. 

Dr.  Henry  has  reported  L.  nepalense  as  a  common  plant 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mengtse,  close  to  the  Tonkin 


DISEASES  35 

frontier,  and  he  has  observed  that  it  varies  considerably — as 
indeed  do  most  Lilies — in  the  colour  of  the  markings,  which 
in  the  Lily  found  in  Nepal  are  usually  a  reddish-purple. 

Like  L.  Wallichianum  it  may  be  grown  in  pots  in  a 
sweet  leaf-mould. 

L.  philippinense. — This  graceful  species  is  slender  of 
growth,  and  has  a  long,  very  funnelled,  semi-erect  trumpet, 
white  as  snow  and  borne  on  a  dwarf  stem  hardly  thicker 
than  a  twig,  and  clothed  with  peculiarly  long,  grassy  foliage  ; 
it  is  a  capricious  plant  and  best  grown  in  pots. 

L.  sulphureum  and  L.  Wallichianum — Refer  to  pp. 
102-105. 

CHAPTER   XI 
DISEASES 

OF  all  the  foes  for  which  he  has  any  respect,  the  Lily 
gardener  will  certainly  place  the  dreaded  fungus  Botrytis 
cinerea  an  easy  first ;  and  not  without  reason,  for  it  is  an 
insidious  disease,  coming  into  the  garden  like  a  thief  in  the 
night  and,  if  not  immediately  taken  in  hand,  making  short 
work  of  his  treasures. 

Though  liable  to  make  its  appearance  at  any  time  in  the 
season,  the  disease  more  often  comes  when  spring  is  giving 
place  to  summer,  taking  the  form  of  small,  whitish-grey 
patches  which  form  on  the  foliage  and  quickly  spread  till 
the  leaves  hang  limp  and  lifeless,  while  the  stems,  buds,  and 
flowers  take  infection  and  collapse  in  due  course. 

That  prevention  is  better  than  cure  was  never  more  true 
than  in  this  case,  and  the  spraying  of  all  Lilies  from  time  to 
time  with  Bordeaux  mixture  is  recommended  by  experts 
as  helping  to  ward  off  the  evil.  But  this  is  an  operation 


36      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

involving  a  great  deal  of  time  and  trouble  ;  no  wonder  that 
the  Lily  gardener  usually  postpones  it  till  there  is  evidence 
of  the  disease,  especially  as,  unless  the  Botrytis  has  gained  a 
firm  hold  in  the  garden,  there  are  seasons  when  it  may  not 
make  its  appearance  at  all.  This  peculiarity  is  one  of  the 
most  puzzling  points  in  the  investigation  of  the  disease. 

At  the  first  sign  of  the  malady  the  plants  attacked  should 
be  sprayed  with  a  solution  of  i  oz.  of  sulphide  of  potassium 
to  2\  gallons  of  water,  the  dose  being  repeated  daily,  and  all 
un infected  Lilies  near  by  should  be  sprayed  with  Bordeaux 
mixture  or  Evans'  Aseptic  Solution.  If  the  disease  gains 
ground  notwithstanding  the  spraying,  the  proper  course  to 
pursue — if  an  heroic  one — is  to  cut  down  the  affected  Lilies 
and  burn  every  scrap. 

Botrytis  cinerea  is  often  referred  to  as  the  "white  Lily 
disease  "  as  if  it  was  peculiar  to  that  species,  the  reason  no 
doubt  being  that  as  this  Lily  is  more  commonly  grown  in 
Great  Britain  than  other  sorts,  the  disease  is  more  notice- 
able on  it.  The  large  and  evergreen  leaves  of  L.  candidum 
offer  far  more  surface  for  the  spores  than  do  those  of  other 
kinds  except  the  Cardiocrinums,  but  the  Botrytis  attacks  all 
Lilies  without  exception ;  it  is  a  disease  far  more  of  foliage 
than  of  bulbs,  though  if  diseased  Lilies  are  neglected  the 
Botrytis  will  eventually  find  its  way  to  the  bulb. 

Trfe  disease  will  be  found  also  on  Lettuces,  Funkias, 
broad-leaved  Saxifrages,  Solomon's  Seal,  and  other  plants, 
and  though  common  enough  may  remain  unsuspected 
till  it  makes  its  dreaded  appearance  among  the  Lilies.  If 
plants  that  are  affected  are  not  either  cured  of  the  disease 
or  cut  down,  the  spores  will  fall  to  the  ground  and  remain 
there  ready  to  come  forth  at  the  first  favourable  opportunity 
and  work  further  destruction  unless  the  ground  is  sterilised. 


JAPANESE   LILY    DISEASE         37 

Japanese  Lily  Disease.— Bulbs  of  Lilies  imported  from 
Japan  suffer  from  fungus  diseases  from  which  other  species 
seem  exempt,  the  diseases  being  due  to  causes  that  have 
come  into  operation  before  the  bulbs  are  exported  from 
Japan,  such  as  over  cultivation  and  the  presence  of  disease 
in  the  Lily  nurseries.  It  is  well  known  that  a  large  pro- 
portion of  Japanese  bulbs  are  so  diseased  when  received 
in  this  country  as  to  be  useless,  and  unless  the  Japanese 
growers  deal  with  the  problem  in  a  drastic  way,  they  will 
kill  the  goose  that  lays  the  golden  eggs,  for  the  time  cannot 
be  far  distant  when  it  will  be  difficult  to  obtain  Japanese 
bulbs  free  of  disease. 

The  fungus  disease  usually  met  with  in  Japanese  bulbs  is 
that  known  as  Rhizopus  means,  and  generally  takes  the  form 
of  an  insidious  rotting  of  the  scales  from  the  root  inwards  ; 
it  is  by  no  means  an  uncommon  thing  to  find  an  imported 
bulb  of  L.  auratumyiQT  instance,  in  which  the  heart  has  almost 
gone,  though  at  first  glance  the  bulb  looks  sound  enough. 

Another  fertile  source  of  mortality  in  Japanese  Lilies  is 
the  root  mite,  with  battalions  of  which  so  many  bulbs  are 
infested  when  they  reach  this  country. 

The  opinion  has  been  expressed  that  root  mites  are 
not  the  primary  cause  of  the  decay  of  the  bulb  on  which 
they  are  found  ;  but  experiments  which  the  author  is  making 
seem  to  show  that  this  contention  can  hardly  be  made 
good,  for  root  mites  transferred  from  newly-imported  Japa- 
nese bulbs  to  healthy  acclimatised  bulbs  will  gradually  eat 
them  away. 

While  bulbs  coming  from  Japan  are  subject  to  a  fungus 
disease  of  a  definite  and  well-known  character,  those  sent 
here  from  the  Western  States  of  North  America  are  often 
found  on  arrival  to  be  affected  by  a  peculiar  form  of  decay, 


38      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

commonly  known  as  "soft  rot/'  in  which  the  part  of  the 
bulb  affected  is  found  to  be  of  the  consistency  of  cream 
cheese. 

It  is  probable  that  this  condition  is  due  more  to  causes 
connected  with  the  storing,  manner  of  packing,  and  ship- 
ment of  "  wild  "  bulbs  of  delicate  plants  such  as  L.  Parryi, 
L  Washingtonianum,  and  L.  Kelloggii,  than  to  any  definite 
disease  such  as  the  cultivated  bulbs  of  Japan  suffer  from  ; 
for  while,  on  the  one  hand,  the  comparatively  small  number 
of  bulbs  exported  from  California  is  almost  entirely  gathered 
in  the  native  haunts  of  the  Lilies  and  despatched  to  Europe, 
collected  Japanese  bulbs,  on  the  other  hand,  are  always 
grown  on  for  one  or  two  seasons  in  nurseries  where  Lilies 
have  been  cultivated  in  great  quantities  for  many  years. 

It  cannot  be  too  strongly  insisted  upon  that  no  imported 
bulbs,  as  to  the  condition  of  which  there  is  the  slightest 
doubt,  should  ever  be  planted  in  the  garden  when  first 
received  :  rather  should  they  be  potted  up  for  a  season, 
for  then,  if  there  is  any  latent  disease  or  decay,  the  bulbs 
will  stand  a  much  better  chance  of  recovery  than  if  planted 
out  after  their  long  journey  in  soil  which  at  that  time  of 
year  is  necessarily  cold  and  damp.  At  the  end  of  the 
season  the  bulbs  can  be  turned  out  of  the  pots,  and  if 
their  condition  warrants  it  they  can  be  planted  out  in  the 
garden.1 

The  best  preventive  of  the  fungous  diseases  and  other 
troubles  to  which  so  many  imported  bulbs  are  liable  is 
to  be  found  in  the  raising  in  this  country  of  a  healthy  stock 
of  plants  from  seed. 

1  It  may  be  stated  that,  according  to  Dr.  M.  C.  Cooke,  imported  bulbs  from 
Japan  known  to  be  affected  with  Rhizopus  necans  have  been  treated  here  by 
submerging  them  for  twenty  minutes  in  a  I  per  cent,  solution  of  salicylic  acid, 
thoroughly  drying  them  afterwards.  This  treatment  has  killed  all  the  spores  of 
the  fungus  which  the  liquid  actually  reached. — ED. 


INSECTS   AND    PESTS  39 

CHAPTER  XII 
INSECTS  AND    PESTS 

A  SLUG-FREE  garden  seems  beyond  the  dream  of  man, 
and  all  he  can  do,  beyond  putting  wire  cages  round  the 
most  precious  plants,  is  to  be  always  on  the  look-out  for 
slugs,  reducing  the  numbers  by  using  lime  and  lime-water 
freely  in  the  beds  in  which  Lilies  are  planted  that  do  not 
mind  lime. 

Slugs  seem  to  have  a  critical  taste  in  Lilies  and  will  often 
feast  on  the  rare  L.  Leichtliniiy  for  instance,  while  leaving 
the  coarser  L.  croceum  and  L.  umbellatum  untouched.  The 
grey  slug  is  seldom  found  on  the  bulb,  seeming  to  prefer 
the  stem  and  leaves,  but  the  small,  black-backed,  yellow- 
bellied  variety  evidently  has  a  partiality  for  the  bulbs,  and 
may  often  be  found  in  scores  feeding  on  the  scales. 

Not  far  behind  the  slug  in  power  of  damage  comes  the 
wire-worm  and  his  larger  dusky  prototype  the  "thousand 
legs,"  while  the  cohort  of  woodlice  brings  up  the  rear. 
For  these  foes,  which  work  unseen  below  ground,  none 
of  the  poisonous  gas  producing  compounds  such  as  vaporite 
.and  bi-sulphide  of  carbon  are  of  permanent  value,  because 
their  effect  is  transient,  but  a  great  deal  can  be  done  by 
taking  care  to  see  that  when  the  bulbs  are  planted  they  are 
thoroughly  surrounded  by  fine  sand. 

It  may  be  said  without  fear  of  contradiction  that  good 
cultivation  is  the  surest  safeguard  against  all  underground 
pests  except  slugs,  for  it  is  generally  in  the  rotting  scales 
of  unhealthy  bulbs  that  they  are  to  be  found,  and  strong 
healthy  bulbs  seem  to  have  little  attraction  for  them. 

This  is  more  than  can  be  said  for  mice  and  voles, 
which,  having  once  found  an  entrance  into  a  bed  of  Lilies, 


40      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

may  cause  endless  damage,  tunnelling  their  way  out  of  sight 
from  bulb  to  bulb,  and  feasting  as  they  go  till  there  is 
literally  nothing  left,  and  leaving  no  sign  of  their  presence 
except  a  tiny  hole  or  two,  so  small  as  to  escape  the  eye  of 
all  but  the  most  vigilant. 

Like  the  slugs,  mice  seem  to  exercise  a  critical  taste, 
leaving  bulbs  of  L.  pardalinum,  L.  superbum,  and  L. 
Martagon  severely  alone,  while  making  short  work  of 
L.  auratum,  L.  speciosum,  L.  rubellum,  L.  tigrinum,  and 
the  edible  Lilies  of  Japan  generally. 

A  favourite  sphere  of  operations  for  these  destructive 
rodents  is  a  bed  which  has  been  covered  with  bracken, 
leaves,  or  some  protection  of  that  kind  against  frost ;  under 
these  coverings  they  carry  on  their  deadly  work  all  unseen, 
and  the  author  has  known  the  removal  in  spring  of  the 
covering  from  such  a  bed  reveal  a  heartrending  destruction 
of  valuable  bulbs. 

Mice  may  be  dealt  with  by  traps,  poison,  and  virus,  and 
of  the  three  remedies  virus  is  probably  most  effective.  It 
is  certainly  the  most  convenient,  although  rather  expen- 
sive, as  when  a  tin  is  once  opened  its  contents  have  to  be 
used  directly. 

CHAPTER   XIII 
EASILY-GROWN  LILIES 

UNDER  this  heading  are  included  a  number  of  Lilies  the 
cultivation  of  which,  as  a  rule,  presents  no  particular 
difficulty  to  intelligent  persons.  This  does  not  mean  that 
no  special  preparations  are  necessary  for  their  successful 
culture,  for  it  cannot  truthfully  be  said  of  any  Lily,  except 
perhaps  L.  Martagon,  that  it  will  grow  almost  anywhere  the 
seed  happens  to  fall. 


PLATE   IV 
L.  MAXIMOWICZII 

(See  pp.  28,  97.) 


L.    AURATUM  43 

Objection  may  be  taken  to  the  inclusion,  even  in  a 
general  way,  of  any  particular  Lily  as  of  easy  or  difficult 
culture,  for  it  is  unquestionably  the  fact  that  Lilies  which 
metaphorically  are  looked  upon  as  weeds  in  one  garden  are 
grown  with  difficulty  in  another  in  the  same  neighbourhood  ; 
but  in  the  author's  experience  this  usually  resolves  itself  into 
a  question  of  intelligent  cultivation.  The  following  notes 
may  be  of  some  slight  assistance  in  throwing  light  on  the 
cause  of  failures  with  some  Lilies. 

That  little-known  Lilies  such  as  L.  medeoloides,  L.  myrio- 
phyllum,  and  L.  sutchuenense  should  figure  in  company  with 
what  are  euphemistically  known  as  the  commoner  sorts,  is 
probably  due  more  to  the  fact  that  the  bulbs  are  not  readily 
obtainable  than  to  any  inherent  difficulty  in  their  manage- 
ment. 

L.  auratum,  the  Yama  Juri  or  Hill  Lily  of  Japan,  is 
without  doubt  the  Queen  of  all  Lilies.  Though  known  for 
centuries  in  Japan,  it  is  not  at  all  an  old  plant  in  English  or 
European  gardens,  for  it  was  unknown  here  not  much  more 
than  fifty  years  ago.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  Lindley  seems  to 
have  been  the  first  European  to  publish  a  description  of  the 
Lily,  and  an  attempt  by  von  Siebold  to  introduce  it  into 
Europe  having  failed,  the  honour  and  glory  of  distributing 
it  rests  with  Messrs.  Jas.  Veitch  &  Sons,  to  whom  is  due  the 
introduction  of  so  many  fine  plants  from  every  corner  of 
the  earth. 

Most  of  us  are  familiar  with  the  pictures  which  in  some 
form  or  other  reach  this  country  from  Japan,  and  in  nearly 
every  one  of  which  there  is  a  view  of  snow-capped  Fusi- 
Yama ;  and  it  is  on  the  slopes  of  that  mountain  that 
L.  auratum  grew  wild  and  untouched  in  all  the  glory 
of  its  beauty  before  the  Japanese  discovered,  soon  after 
the  treaty  ports  were  thrown  open  to  commerce,  that  to 


44      PRESENT-DAY   GARDENING 

tear  the  bulbs  up  in  cartloads  and  to  ship  them  to  foreign 
countries  was  to  reap  a  golden  harvest. 

There  it  grew  in  countless  thousands  in  porous  open  soil, 
largely  composed  of  volcanic  detritus  overlaid  by  the  deep 
carpet  of  woodland  soil  so  dear  to  all  stem-rooting  Lilies. 

Not  a  woodland  plant  in  the  sense  that  it  grows  in  the 
thick  of  the  forests,  L.  auratum  flourishes  on  the  fringes  of 
the  woods,  in  glades  and  clearings,  always  amongst  vegeta- 
tion, which,  while  screening  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  and 
keeping  the  ground  cool,  leaves  the  sun  free  to  play  on  the 
blooms. 

In  this  country  it  is  useless  to  expect  either  the  tropical 
summer  heat,  or  the  dry,  bright  weather  of  the  Japanese 
winter,  and  L.  auratum  must  either  bear  with  what  Nature 
gives  it  in  the  way  of  climate  or  go  under  ;  to  our  sorrow, 
it  must  be  confessed  that  as  often  as  not  it  chooses  the 
latter  alternative. 

The  English  grower  however,  powerless  as  to  climate, 
can  do  a  great  deal  towards  easing  the  lot  of  this  Lily  by 
attending  to  the  cultivation.  He  cannot  give  it  the  porous 
volcanic  soil  of  Fusi-Yama  and  other  haunts  of  L.  auratum, 
but  he  can  manage  something  akin  to  the  woodland  soil 
which  overlays  the  other  in  Japan,  and  he  will  find  a  sub- 
soil of  a  rather  strong,  well-drained,  sandy  loam  an  excellent 
substitute  for  the  broken-down  earthy  lava  of  the  Lily's 
native  hills  ;  while  if,  in  addition,  he  makes  the  drainage  of 
the  bulb  as  sharp  as  he  knows  how,  all  will  go  well  with  his 
Lilies,  provided — and  this  is  of  all  things  important — the 
bulbs  are  sound  :  and  that  is  where  the  rub  comes  in,  for 
things  have  now  reached  such  a  pitch  that  it  is  almost  the 
exception  and  not  the  rule  to  find  imported  Japanese  bulbs 
in  which  the  spores  of  the  fatal  fungus  Rhizopus  necans  are 
not  lurking  somewhere,  ready  to  break  out  into  active 


VARIETIES    OF    L.   AURATUM     45 

growth  the  moment  the  bulb  is  taken  out  of  the  clay 
envelope  in  which  it  is  packed  for  export. 

But  let  the  grower  take  heart,  pot  up  his  imported  bulbs 
for  the  first  season,  and  by  removing  any  flower-buds  as 
soon  as  they  appear,  throw  the  energy  of  the  plant  into  the 
formation  of  basal  roots  ;  though  in  so  doing  he  may  deprive 
himself  of  the  pleasure  of  gazing  on  the  flowers  the  Lilies 
would  have  brought  forth,  he  takes  comfort  in  the  know- 
ledge that  in  the  following  season  he  will  have  a  fair 
proportion  of  well-rooted  bulbs  which  will  have  thrown  off 
the  attacks  of  the  fungus  and  may  be  planted  out  in  the 
garden  with  every  hope  of  joys  to  come. 

L.  auratum  has  several  varieties,  and  nearly  all  are 
worth  taking  trouble  over.  Foremost  among  them  all,  and 
head  and  shoulders  above  the  type,  stands  macranthum,  or 
platyphyllum  as  the  bulb  merchants  persist  in  calling  it,  a 
gorgeous  thing,  and  a  veritable  peacock  among  Lilies. 

A  native  of  the  group  of  islands  south  of  the  peninsula  of 
Idzu,  auratum  macranthum  (see  Frontispiece)  was  originally 
sent  out  not  so  very  many  years  ago  by  the  Messrs.  Veitch, 
and  though  at  first  looked  upon  as  a  distinct  species,  it  was 
considered  by  Mr.  Makino  as  a  variety  and  was  described 
by  him  in  the  Icones  Florae  Japonicce  (1902)  under  the  name 
L.  auratum  Hamaonum,  Makino. 

In  the  form  rubro-vittatum  the  flower  is  quite  distinct 
from  other  varieties,  crimson  and  not  gold  being  the  pre- 
dominant colour,  while  the  plant  is  far  less  robust  than 
L.  auratum  or  L.  a.  macranthum,  and  has  a  comparatively 
small  bulb  ;  it  may  be  grown  under  the  same  conditions  as 
those  two  varieties,  but  is  less  simple  to  manage,  and  possibly 
ought  not  to  figure  in  company  with  easily-grown  Lilies. 

The  structure  of  the  bulb  and  the  appearance  of  the  Lily 
lead  one  to  think  it  may  be  a  hybrid  between  L.  auratum 


46     PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

and  L.  speciosum,  and  the  fact  that  it  is  propagated  from 
scales  by  Japanese  growers  lends  additional  colour  to  that 
supposition. 

Wittei  or  virginale  is  a  very  lovely  form  in  which  the 
gold  of  macranthum  largely  gives  place  to  white  ;  it  is  no 
easier  to  manage  than  rubro-vittatum.  Pictum  is  a  variety 
no  one  need  concern  himself  about  who  can  grow  rubro- 
vittatum,  and  tricolor  does  not  appear  to  be  in  cultivation. 

Though  under  favourable  conditions  auratum  and 
macranthum  ripen  seed  in  parts  of  Great  Britain,  the  seed 
does  not  always  germinate  during  the  first  season  and 
propagation  by  scales  affords  a  more  satisfactory  and  more 
certain  method. 

In  certain  parts  of  Great  Britain,  as,  for  instance,  in  some 
gardens  near  the  southern  or  western  coast-line,  where  the 
climatic  and  other  conditions  happen  to  suit  it,  L.  auratum, 
once  established,  will  flourish  and  become  more  or  less 
perennial ;  but,  generally  speaking,  it  cannot  be  looked 
upon  as  a  Lily  that  may  be  left  to  fight  its  own  battle 
like  L.  monadelphum  or  L.  dalmaticum. 

The  bulbs  may  be  planted  about  a  foot  deep,  never  in 
soil  containing  lime,  and  they  should  be  mulched  every  year. 

L.  bulbiferum,  from  the  Grisons,  is  one  of  the  upright- 
flowering  Lilies,  and  though  known  to  Parkinson  and 
long  in  cultivation,  is  not  very  common,  probably  because 
there  is  nothing  particularly  interesting  or  beautiful  about 
it ;  it  is  doing  the  plant  no  injustice  to  say  that  it  is 
rather  a  coarse-growing  thing,  not  unlike  L.  umbellatum — 
of  which  it  may  be  a  parent — 3  to  4  feet  high,  with  cluster- 
ing terminal  umbels  of  its  large  flaring  cups. 

The  Lily  has  a  multitude  of  bulbils  all  the  way  up  the 
stem  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves ;  the  cultivation  is  simple  and 
is  the  same  as  for  L.  croceum. 


L.   CANDIDUM  47 

L.  canadense  is  a  common  Lily  throughout  the 
Eastern  States  of  North  America  as  well  as  a  time-honoured 
member  of  the  genus,  for  it  is  one  of  the  nine  species 
described  by  Linnaeus. 

Always  a  graceful  Lily,  it  may  be  seen  at  its  best  in  a 
loose,  moist,  vegetable  soil  in  some  corner  where  it  gets  a 
little  relief  from  the  burning  rays  of  the  midsummer  sun, 
and  though  usually  about  3^  feet  high,  will  grow  upwards 
of  five  when  in  comfortable  quarters. 

The  bulbs  are  rhizomatous  and,  like  those  of  L.  superbum 
and  L.  Grayi,  are  annual,  the  new  bulb  forming  at  the  end  of 
a  short  creeping  rootstock,  and  sometimes  taking  a  year  or 
two  to  develop  into  flowering  size ;  for  that  reason  one 
cannot  depend  on  either  of  these  three  Lilies  to  flower  every 
year.  The  bulbs  may  be  planted  4  or  5  inches  deep,  with 
a  handful  of  peat  under  each. 

The  flowers  show  a  good  deal  of  variation  from  the 
orange-yellow  of  the  typical  plant,  so  much  so  that  two  of 
them  have  been  blessed  with  distinctive  names,  flavum, 
yellow,  and  rubrum,  a  deep  red  ;  the  latter  is  often  sent 
out  by  dealers  as  L.  Grayi,  and  though  the  two  are  quite 
different  in  flower,  it  would  be  a  difficult  matter  to  separate 
a  parcel  of  mixed  bulbs. 

L.  canadense  ripens  seed  in  hot  summers,  and  this 
generally  germinates  the  second  season,  growing  on  after- 
wards none  too  quickly. 

L.  candidum  (see  Plate  VI). — The  Madonna  Lily  is  a 
very  ancient  plant,  possibly  the  oldest  Lily  in  existence, 
and  certainly  more  generally  grown  in  Great  Britain  than 
any  other ;  it  is  a  native  of  Southern  Europe,  Turkey, 
Caucasus,  Palestine,  and  Northern  Syria,  while  it  has  recently 
been  reported  as  growing  wild  on  limestone  formation  in 
Albania. 


48      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

It  will  grow  and  flower  in  dry  and  hungry  calcareous 
places  where  the  ground  is  full  of  tree  roots,  as,  for  instance, 
among  Hypericum  Moserianum  under  a  Cedar  of  Lebanon, 
but  is  usually  seen  at  its  best  in  a  rather  stiff  loam  in  full  sun. 

Old  clumps  of  this  Lily  may  often  be  seen  in  which  the 
bulbs  are  matted  together  in  a  solid  mass,  many  of  them 
half  out  of  the  ground,  exposed  to  sun,  wind,  frost,  and  rain, 
and  yet  flowering  year  after  year — seemingly  indifferent  to 
frost  and  drought. 

Plant  4  inches  deep  and  9  inches  apart :  if  transplanting 
has  to  be  done,  it  should  not  be  undertaken  later  than  five 
weeks  after  flowering,  as  the  resting  time  of  L.  candidum  is 
unusually  short.  L.  candidum  does  not  usually  set  seed, 
and  is  not  generally  self-fertilising. 

When  purchasing  this  Lily,  avoid  French-grown  bulbs 
that  do  not  come  from  Normandy  or  Brittany,  and  give  the 
preference  to  those  raised  in  Great  Britain. 

The  variety  robustum  is  reported  to  resist  the  disease 
Botrytis  cinerea,  to  which  L.  candidum,  with  its  large  ever- 
green leaves,  is  specially  prone. 

There  is  a  fine,  black-stemmed  variety,  peregrinum,  which 
is  not  common,  and  a  beautiful  form,  aureo-marginatum,  in 
which  the  leaves  are  edged  with  yellow — as  well  as  a  double- 
flowered  variety,  and  one  with  striped  flowers,  but  neither  is 
worth  growing. 

L.  carniolicum,  Parkinson's  "bright  red  Martagon  of 
Hungarie,"  though  rarer  than  either  of  the  two  last-men- 
tioned species,  is  of  no  very  great  interest :  it  is  found  in  a 
restricted  area  in  the  mountain  passes  of  Carniola,  one  of  the 
many  small  States  clustering  round  the  north  of  the  Adriatic, 
and  is  a  true  Turk's  Cap  growing  a  couple  of  feet  high. 

It  bears  a  few  flowers  of  a  rather  nondescript  shade  of 
brick-red,  and  grows  under  much  the  same  conditions  as 


L.    CHALCEDONICUM  49 

the  Orange  Lily,  though  not  responding  to  cultivation  to 
the  same  degree  as  that  satisfactory  plant. 

In  any  garden  where  room  is  scarce,  L.  davuricum,  L. 
bulbiferum,  and  L.  carniolicum  may  well  be  omitted  from  the 
species  cultivated. 

L.  chalcedonicum,  the  scarlet  Martagon  of  Greece 
and  one  of  the  few  species  known  to  Linnaeus,  is  another 
old  plant  in  gardens,  and  one  of  the  most  accommodating, 
for,  like  L.  candidum,  it  will  bear  with  a  good  deal  in  the 
way  of  drought.  It  cannot,  however,  in  truth  be  said  to 
boast  a  particularly  strong  constitution,  and  of  late  years 
this  Lily  has  suffered  to  a  great  extent  from  disease — so 
much  so,  that  it  is  an  exceptional  thing  to  find  a  clump  of 
it  in  which  a  large  proportion  of  the  stem  leaves  are  not 
brown  and  more  or  less  withered. 

When  well  grown,  L.  chalcedonicum  will  get  up  to  3^  feet, 
but  is  more  generally  met  with  about  2  feet  high.  It  cannot 
be  called  a  graceful  plant  in  the  way  that  the  other  Scarlet 
Turk's  Cap  L.  pomponium  is  graceful,  but  the  sealing-wax 
colour  of  the  bloom  is  striking,  and  a  well-grown,  good-sized 
clump  in  full  flower  is  a  sight  to  remember.  It  generally 
sets  seed,  and  this  germinates  quickly. 

The  bulbs  may  be  planted  4  inches  deep  in  a  position 
fully  exposed  to  the  sun,  and  in  the  same  soil  that  suits 
L.  candidum  or  L.  croceum. 

The  variety  maculatum,  though  not  often  met  with  in 
this  country,  is  altogether  a  finer  thing  than  the  type,  being 
far  more  vigorous  and  approximating  to  L.  testaceum  in  its 
habit  of  growth. 

L.  concolor. — Originally  from  China,  but  now  cultivated 
commercially  by  the  Japanese  nurserymen,  this  miniature 
Lily  may  be  managed  by  any  one  who  can  give  it  a  sandy 
soil  of  no  great  depth,  and  plenty  of  moisture  in  late  spring 

D 


50      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

and  early  summer.  It  only  grows  from  a  foot  to  18  inches 
high,  and  from  the  top  of  the  stem  sends  out  three  or  four 
symmetrical,  upright,  star-shaped  flowers  not  much  larger 
across  than  a  crown  piece,  and  of  a  fine  crimson  colour 
with  deeper  spots. 

The  bulbs  are  small — as  a  rule,  no  bigger  than  a 
walnut — but  have  a  wonderful  power  of  reproduction,  and 
if  a  marked  bulb  is  examined  after  a  season's  growth  it 
will  often  be  found  to  have  split  up  into  a  cluster  of  three 
or  four,  all  attached  to  one  another,  and  each  not  much 
smaller  than  the  original  bulb. 

L.  concolor  is  so  floriferous  that  it  sometimes  seems  to 
exhaust  itself,  and  cannot  be  depended  on  to  flower  every 
year.  It  should  be  planted  about  5  inches  deep  in  a 
position  exposed  to  full  sunshine,  and  if  massed  in  clumps 
of  twenty  or  thirty — as  well  it  may  be,  since  the  bulbs  are 
cheap — the  effect  is  very  beautiful. 

The  variety  coridion  is  like  the  type  except  that  the 
flowers  are  a  deep  yellow  colour  instead  of  crimson. 

Although  L.  pulchellum  is  referred  botanically  to  L.  con- 
color,  it  has  a  bulb  which  remains  solitary  and  does  not 
split  up  into  clusters,  while  it  is  peculiar  in  that  it  not  in- 
frequently has  bulbils  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  The  indi- 
vidual blooms  are  rather  smaller  than  in  L.  concolor,  but  in 
habit  of  growth  the  two  are  identical.  Pulchellum  is  not 
often  met  with  in  gardens. 

L.  concolor  ripens  seed  in  hot  summers,  and  this  germi- 
nates more  quickly  than  most  Lilies. 

L.  croceum,  the  Golden  Lily  of  Parkinson,  and  known 
everywhere  as  the  Orange  Lily,  is,  like  L.  candidnm,  a  very 
common  plant,  but  a  lovely  one  ;  it  hails  from  Corsica, 
grows  best  in  a  stiff  loam,  and  if  its  roots  can  get  down  to 
a  bed  of  clay  the  garden  Lily  shows  extraordinary  vigour 


L.    DAVURICUM  51 

when  compared  to  the  wild  plant,  growing  higher  than  a 
man  and  bearing  huge  umbels  of  its  beautiful  blooms.  A 
clump  of  thirty  or  forty  plants  of  this  Lily,  with  the  setting 
sun  shining  through  the  deep  red  gold  of  the  petals,  is  a 
sight  to  be  remembered. 

L.  croceum  seeds  freely  and  increases  rapidly  at  the  bulb, 
which  may  be  planted  4  inches  deep  in  full  sunshine. 

L.  c.  Chaixii  is  a  dwarf,  lighter-coloured  variety  from 
the  Maritime  Alps,  and  not  of  much  account. 

L.  davuricum  is  a  wild  plant  of  Siberia,  in  habit  not 
unlike  a  slender,  dwarf  form  of  the  Orange  Lily,  the  small, 
upright,  cup-shaped  flowers  of  a  dull  and  rather  uninteresting 
shade  of  cherry-red,  borne  in  umbels  of  four  or  five. 

Nowadays  the  typical  plant  is  not  often  met  with  in 
gardens,  its  place  having  been  taken  by  L.  umbellatum,  a 
garden  plant  as  to  the  parentage  of  which  authorities  do 
not  seem  agreed,  though  it  is  generally  considered  a  cross 
between  L.  davuricum  and  another  Lily,  probably  L. 
elegans. 

It  has  been  cultivated  to  an  enormous  extent  by 
nurserymen,  who,  after  the  manner  of  their  kind,  seem  to 
have  christened  every  seedling  showing  a  decided  variation 
in  colour  with  a  distinctive  name,  so  that  the  numbers  of 
named  varieties  are  bewildering. 

Of  the  varieties  to  which  so  much  space  is  allotted  in 
the  bulb  catalogues,  the  amateur  may  well  rest  satisfied 
with  one,  umbellatum  incomparabile,  a  fine  blood-coloured 
form  and  better  than  any  other  variety  or  the  type. 

Bulbs  of  L.  umbellatum  are  never  very  large.  They  may 
be  planted  4  or  5  inches  deep  in  loamy  soil  in  full  sun  : 
they  need  rather  more  drainage  than  does  L.  croceum, 
and  if  this  is  not  seen  to  the  variety  incomparabile  will 
almost  certainly  rot  in  an  exceptionally  wet  winter. 


52      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

L.  elegans  is  the  type  of  a  dwarf  Japanese  Lily  having 
upright,  cup-shaped  flowers  of  a  reddish  hue  ;  the  number 
of  its  forms  and  varieties  is  legion,  and,  according  to 
botanical  authorities,  includes  two  or  three  which  it  is 
reasonable  to  suppose  are  of  hybrid  origin,  such  as  L. 
Batemannice,  L.  Wallacei  y  and  L.  elegans  Wilsonii. 

The  typical  plant  is  not  of  great  interest  and  need  not 
be  considered,  while  of  the  many  garden  sorts  of  both 
Dutch  and  Japanese  origin,  a  grower  who  has  the  dwarf, 
light  yellow  -  flowered  Alice  Wilson,  the  dark  crimson 
Horsmanii,  the  deep  apricot  venustum,  and,  above  all,  the 
tall,  late-flowering  variety  Wilsonii,  may  well  be  content 
to  leave  the  multitude  of  other  varieties  to  those  who  order 
their  bulbs  from  the  descriptions  in  the  catalogues. 

All  the  elegans  section  are  stem-rooting  Lilies,  and  are 
distinct  among  Japanese  sorts  in  that  they  do  best  in  light 
sandy  soil ;  they  may  be  planted  8  or  9  inches  deep  in 
the  sunniest  part  of  the  garden  among  dwarf  shrubs. 

The  reason  for  the  inclusion  of  L.  Batemannice  and 
L.  Wallacei  in  the  group  of  elegans  Lilies  is  not  very 
evident ;  the  bulb  of  the  former  is  distinct  and  all  but 
identical  with  that  of  L.  Maximowiczii,  while  the  bulb  of 
L.  Wallacei  has  little  resemblance  to  that  of  L.  elegans,  and 
is  close  to  L.  concolor. 

L.  Batemanniae  grows  as  much  as  3^  to  4  feet  high, 
carrying  its  rich  apricot  cups  in  terminal  umbels.  It  is 
generally  recommended  that  this  Lily  should  be  grown  in 
full  sunshine,  but  the  author  has  noticed  that  it  seems  to  do 
far  better  in  semi-shade,  and  certainly  the  foliage  of  those 
growing  in  half-shady  places  does  not  wither  prematurely  as 
it  so  often  does  when  the  Lily  is  planted  in  full  exposure  ; 
this  dying  off  of  the  foliage  is  a  serious  drawback  to  an 


L.    WALLACEI  53 

otherwise  beautiful  Lily,  and  no  doubt  indicates  some  fault 
in  the  cultivation. 

In  Japan  the  Lily  is  found  in  West  Hondo ;  it  is 
cultivated  near  Osaka  where  very  sandy  soil  prevails,  and 
a  similar  soil  seems  to  suit  it  here. 

L.  Wallace!,  named  after  the  enthusiast  who  did  so 
much  for  the  culture  of  Lilies  thirty  or  forty  years  ago, 
and  whose  Notes  on  Lilies  contains  such  an  extraordinary 
amount  of  interesting  detail  on  the  genus,  is,  in  its  way, 
a  charming  plant,  though  sometimes  a  little  shy  of  showing 
its  rich  orange-coloured  flowers.  Introduced  to  cultivation 
by  Dr.  Wallace  in  1877  as  a  probable  hybrid  between  L. 
Maximowiczii  and  L.  concolor,  this  Japanese  Lily  has  since 
become  quite  common,  no  doubt  because,  of  all  others, 
it  seems  to  have  the  most  extraordinary  tendency  to  repro- 
duction, the  bulbs  continually  splitting  up  into  fours,  and 
as  a  rule  before  they  flower  ;  so  that  a  single  bulb  will 
form  scores  of  others  in  a  few  years.  Careful  consideration 
of  this  Lily  leads  one  to  suppose  that  the  male  parent  is 
more  likely  to  have  been  L.  tigrinum  than  L.  Maximowiczii. 

It  grows  in  light  soil,  and  may  be  planted  5  or  6  inches 
deep. 

L.  giganteum. — Without  doubt  the  most  noble  Lily 
known  to  man,  if  not  the  most  beautiful,  L.  giganteum 
deserves  to  be  grown  far  more  widely  than  it  is,  for  nothing 
more  than  a  deep  rich  soil,  plenty  of  moisture  in  summer, 
a  little  protection  in  winter,  and  some  patience,  are  needed 
to  enable  one  to  succeed  with  it,  at  any  rate  in  all  but  the 
colder  parts  of  the  country. 

Peculiar  in  many  ways,  in  none  is  it  more  so  than  in 
its  habit  of  throwing  up  no  stem  worthy  the  name  till 
the  bulb  has  reached  a  certain  age  ;  then  when  the  psycho- 


54     PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

logical  moment  arrives  the  stem  appears,  growing  from 
4  up  to  10  feet  high  and  even  more,  according  to  the  culti- 
vation, and  with  as  many  as  twenty  blooms.  The  flowering 
season  over  and  the  bulb  having  fulfilled  its  destiny,  it 
forthwith  dies,  leaving  behind  it  to  carry  on  the  race 
two  or  more  small  offsets  ;  these  grow  till  in  course  of 
years  they  too  send  forth  their  stems  and  flowers,  and,  all 
being  well,  the  process  is  repeated  ad  infinitum,  till,  in  place 
of  the  original  bulb,  there  is  a  clump  of  many. 

Not  the  least  attractive  point  of  L.  giganteum  is  the 
foliage  ;  the  large  leaves  are  often  a  foot  long  and  more 
than  half  as  broad,  the  upper  surface  a  bright  shiny  green 
plainly  netted.  Clustering  Funkia  fashion  round  the  lower 
part  of  the  stem  on  longish  stalks,  they  shade  the  ground 
round  the  bulb  from  the  sun's  rays,  keeping  it  cool  and 
moist,  and  as  the  huge,  hollow  stem  grows  up  and  up, 
each  succeeding  leaf  comes  smaller  than  the  last,  the  stalks 
gradually  shortening,  till  at  the  top  only  a  vestige  of  a  leaf 
remains. 

L.  giganteum  ripens  seed  freely,  and  if  sown  in  November 
seedlings  will  usually  make  their  appearance  in  the  follow- 
ing spring  ;  they  are  best  kept  in  reserve  till  the  bulbs  are 
about  the  size  of  a  walnut,  and  then  they  may  be  planted 
out  at  no  great  depth,  a  covering  of  leaves  being  put  over 
them  in  winter. 

Though  one  can  hardly  feed  L.  giganteum  too  highly  in 
the  garden,  it  grows  splendidly  in  woods,  and  may  even  be 
seen  growing  in  stony,  unlikely-looking  places,  provided 
there  is  moisture  for  the  roots  in  summer. 

L.  Grayi.— There  is  an  indefinable  air  about  Asa  Gray's 
Lily,  L.  Grayi,  which  leads  one  to  regard  it  as  a  well-bred 
plant.  It  is  rather  in  the  way  of  L.  canadense  in  its  habit 


L.    HANSONII  55 

of  growth,  though  more  slender  and  with  smaller  flowers,  so 
funnel-shaped  and  semi-pendulous  that,  except  in  unusually 
tall  specimens,  one  cannot  comfortably  see  the  insides 
without  stooping  down,  or  notice  how  copiously  the  un- 
usual red  of  the  segments  is  besprinkled  with  spots  of  a 
darker  hue. 

It  is  one  of  the  many  beautiful  things  coming  to  us  from 
Virginia,  where  it  has  its  home  in  the  Alleghanies,  and,  like 
L.  pardalinum  and  many  other  species,  is  happiest  when  it 
can  dip  its  roots  into  moisture  while  keeping  its  bulb  dry. 

The  bulbs  are  small,  rhizomatous,  and  annual,  and  may 
be  planted  4  inches  deep  in  loose  leafy  or  peaty  soil, 
either  in  full  exposure  or  partial  shade.  L.  Grayi  seeds 
freely  in  an  average  season,  and  every  one  of  its  little  scales 
will  quickly  produce  a  bulblet  if  sown  in  a  pan  or  border. 

L.  Hansonii,  from  Japan,  is  one  of  several  Lilies  for  the 
introduction  of  which  the  world  owes  a  debt  of  gratitude  to 
the  late  Max  Leichtlin. 

It  is  a  Martagon  of  medium  growth,  usually  4!  feet 
high  and  seldom  exceeding  5  feet,  very  floriferous,  and  as 
easy  to  manage  as  the  proverbial  cabbage.  It  is  equally 
at  home  in  loam,  limestone,  or  peaty  soil,  sunshine  or  shade, 
though  the  rich  deep  yellow  flowers  are  apt  to  blanch  a 
little  if  the  Lily  is  planted  where  the  sun  may  shine  on  the 
flowers  all  day  ;  for  that  reason  it  is  best  to  grow  this  Lily 
in  partial  shade. 

It  is  one  of  the  first  of  the  family  to  make  its  debut  every 
year  in  early  spring,  and  has  in  consequence  to  bear  rather 
more  than  its  share  of  the  frosts  and  snows  which  occasion- 
ally cause  such  havoc  in  English  gardens  in  April  and  May, 
but  if  in  congenial  surroundings  it  does  not  succumb. 
The  author  well  remembers  a  day  towards  the  end  of 


56      PRESENT-DAY   GARDENING 

April  a  few  years  ago,  when,  as  a  result  of  a  fearful  snow- 
storm the  night  before,  a  whole  bed  of  this  Lily  had  the 
stems  literally  bent  almost  to  the  ground  for  some  hours 
with  the  weight  of  the  frozen  snow  on  the  leaves,  and  yet 
within  a  few  weeks  the  Lilies  were  flowering  as  gaily  as 
ever,  and  as  if  nothing  had  happened. 

L.  Hansonii  does  not  generally  ripen  seed  in  this  country, 
no  doubt  because  it  is  one  of  a  large  number  of  plants 
which  is  not,  as  a  rule,  self-fertilising,  and  those  who  want 
seed  should  attend  to  the  fertilising — a  very  simple  matter. 
Propagation  by  scales,  however,  is  more  certain,  besides 
being  much  quicker. 

In  common  with  most  of  the  Martagon  family,  L. 
Hansonii  is  rather  prone  to  contract  that  fell  disease 
Botrytis  cinerea,  no  doubt  because  of  the  comparatively 
large  surface  of  its  whorls  of  leaves. 

Like  all  stem-rooting  Lilies,  it  needs  to  be  planted  deeply, 
and  10  inches  is  about  right  both  for  depth  and  spacing. 
It  is  a  splendid  Lily  for  pots. 

L.  Heldreichii  is  considered  by  Baker  as  intermediate 
between  L.  chalcedonicum  and  L.  carniolicum.  In  gardens 
it  grows  about  i\  feet  high,  with  three  or  four  true  Turk's 
Caps  of  a  bright  red,  the  back  of  the  flower  flushed  with 
yellow.  It  succeeds  where  L.  chalcedonicum  grows,  and 
under  cultivation  is  a  much  finer  thing  than  in  its  home 
on  the  mountains  of  Greece,  where  it  usually  supports 
a  solitary  flower. 

L.  Henryi. — Though  discovered  little  more  than  twenty 
years  ago  by  Dr.  Henry  in  Central  China,  L.  Henryi  has 
taken  a  high  place  in  the  ranks  of  the  genus,  for  it  is  a 
vigorous  and  beautiful  Lily  of  the  soundest  constitution, 
requiring  no  special  care  or  preparation,  and  seemingly 


PLATE  V 

L.   CANDIDUM 

(See  p.  47.) 


L.    HENRYI  59 

indifferent  to  soil  or  situation,  though  the  author  has  ob- 
served that  it  grows  less  strongly  in  light  sandy  soils  than 
in  those  of  a  richer  nature,  and  now  and  again  has  heard  of 
L.  Henry i  refusing  to  grow  in  gardens  where  other  Lilies 
flourish. 

L.  Henryi  is  a  good  example  of  the  way  many  wild 
plants  alter  their  growth  under  cultivation,  for  while  Dr. 
Henry  has  placed  it  on  record  that  he  never  saw  the  wild 
Lily  exceed  4  feet  in  height  or  bearing  more  than  four  or 
five  flowers,  it  is  no  uncommon  thing  to  find  it  in  gardens 
9  feet  high  and  with  twenty  of  its  beautiful,  orange- 
coloured  flowers,  identical  in  shape  with  those  of  L. 
speciosum  Kraetzeri. 

Though  naturally  a  limestone  plant,  it  will  grow  well  in 
ground  containing  no  lime.  It  is  easily  raised  from  seed, 
which  as  a  rule  germinates  the  first  year,  and,  unusually 
quick  in  growth,  seedlings  will  bear  a  flower  or  two  under 
favourable  circumstances  in  the  third  year  ;  in  five  years  the 
bulbs  will  be  as  large  as  an  orange,  growing  on  till  they  are 
as  much  as  7  inches  in  diameter ;  they  do  not  split  up 
much  but  throw  off  quite  a  number  of  offsets,  all  of  which 
should  be  looked  after. 

The  bulbs  should  be  planted  about  a  foot  deep  among 
the  taller-growing  shrubs  such  as  Rhododendron,  Cistus 
ladaniferus,  Choisya  ternatay  or  Berberis  Darwinii,  which 
will  give  support  to  the  tapering  stems  so  peculiar  in  that 
they  are  naturally  too  lax  to  grow  upright,  and  in  conse- 
quence rather  awkward  to  stake  conveniently. 

L.  Henryi  grows  equally  well  in  sunshine  or  shade, 
though  the  blooms  blanch  a  little  in  hot  summers  if  fully 
exposed  ;  it  is  a  thirsty  plant  when  growing. 

L.  Martagon  is  the   oldest  Lily  in    the    British    Isles 


60      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

and  the  representative  of  the  largest  section  of  the  genus  ; 
it  grows  and  flowers  almost  anywhere  where  its  seeds 
happen  to  fall,  and,  while  often  seen  flowering  in  the  most 
unlikely  places,  does  best  in  a  stiff  loam,  like  so  many  of 
the  commoner  Lilies. 

When  raised  from  seed  it  varies  a  good  deal  in  colour 
from  light  to  dark  pink,  with  purple  spots,  and  a  bed  of 
seedlings  will  usually  show  plants  the  colour  variations  of 
which,  with  further  selection,  would  no  doubt  ultimately 
lead  to  the  appearance  of  the  white  form  album,  a  beautiful 
and  accommodating  plant  and  the  hybridiser's  joy. 

If  proof  were  needed  that  this  white  variety  is  a  garden 
form  of  the  other,  it  may  be  had  in  the  seedlings  of  album, 
many  of  which  hark  back  and  reveal  their  origin  by  the 
pronounced  pink  tinge  with  which  the  petals  are  suffused 
and  the  faint  purple  spots. 

Now  and  again  one  may  find  amongst  a  batch  of  these 
seedlings  a  flower  or  two  between  which  and  the  rare 
and  lovely  Californian  Martagon  L.  Kelloggii  there  is  not 
over  much  to  choose  except  in  habit  of  growth. 

L.  Martagon  has  a  short  resting  time,  and  planting 
should  therefore  be  done  early,  as  soon,  in  fact,  as  the  seed 
is  ripe  ;  large  bulbs  have  a  curious  way  of  splitting  up 
into  four  or  five  of  walnut  size  and  scores  of  scale  bulblets, 
and  all  these  may  easily  be  grown  on. 

L.  Martagon  var.  album  flore  plenum  is  an  uncommon 
sport  of  the  white  form  with  double  flowers,  and  is  only 
worth  growing  as  a  curiosity. 

Other  varieties  are  hirsutum,  not  apparently  in  com- 
merce, and  dalmaticum,  one  of  the  many  plants  we  owe 
to  the  late  Max  Leichtlin,  and  certainly  one  of  the  finest 
Lilies  in  cultivation  ;  it  is  so  distinct  as  surely  to  be  worthy 


L.    MEDEOLOIDES  61 

of  classification  as  a  species  ;  indeed  it  is  regarded  as  such 
by  Elwes.  When  well  grown  this  Lily  rivals  L.  Henryi  and 
L.  superbum  in  the  magnificence  of  its  growth,  and  plants 
may  commonly  be  seen  8  feet  high  bearing  as  many  as 
thirty  of  the  shiny,  deep  wine-coloured  flowers. 

Cattaneae  is  a  very  satisfactory  form  of  the  above  in 
which  the  flowers  take  a  lighter  colour  rather  difficult  of 
description  ;  a  distinguishing  feature  in  both  these  forms 
of  Martagon  is  the  mass  of  white  hairs  with  which  the 
unopened  buds  are  covered,  and  which  at  a  distance  give 
them  the  appearance  of  small  white  balls. 

L.  Martagon  grows  equally  well  in  sunshine  or  shade, 
and  may  be  planted  4  inches  deep  ;  it  is  a  lime-loving 
plant. 

L.  medeoloides — Though  the  advisability  of  including 
an  uncommon  Lily  like  L.  medeoloides  in  a  chapter  deal- 
ing with  easily-grown  Lilies  may  be  questioned,  it  will 
only  be  by  those  who  are  not  familiar  with  the  Lily,  or  do 
not  know  that  its  cultivation  is  simple. 

A  common  Lily  in  Japan,  where  it  is  known  as  "  Kuruma 
Yuri "  or  the  "  Wheel  Lily,"  because  of  the  way  the  foliage 
grows  on  the  stem  in  the  form  of  a  wheel,  L.  medeoloides 
is  a  gem  of  the  first  water. 

It  is  the  baby  of  the  Martagon  section,  more  diminu- 
tive even  than  L.  tenuifolium,  seldom  growing  over  2 
feet  high,  and  more  often  12  to  18  inches ;  the  bulb 
of  this  Lily  is  small,  never  larger  than  a  big  walnut,  and 
is  quite  distinct  from  all  others  except  the  so-called  L. 
avenaceum  in  that  its  tiny  articulated  scales  resemble  the 
oat  grain. 

The  flowers,  sometimes  three  or  four  in  number  but 
more  often  solitary  or  in  pairs,  recall  those  of  L.  tenui- 


62      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

folium,  though  the  petals  are  not  so  reflexed  ;  the  colour 
varies  from  scarlet  to  apricot,  both  with  and  without 
spots. 

In  this  country  it  grows  well  planted  in  lime-free  leaf- 
mould  with  slight  shade,  and  ripens  seed  freely  ;  though  a 
stem-rooting  Lily,  the  bulb  is  so  tiny  that  it  need  not  be 
planted  more  than  6  inches  deep. 

In  its  home  on  the  Nikko  mountains  of  Japan  the 
Lily  grows  in  rich  humus  sometimes  in  the  open,  coming 
up  through  low  grasses,  but  more  often  on  the  edges  of 
the  woods  and  in  copses. 

There  has  been  some  confusion  regarding  L.  avena- 
ceum  and  L.  medeoloides,  and  the  opinion  may  be 
hazarded  that  they  are  one  and  the  same  plant ;  the  Lily 
described  and  figured  in  Elwes'  Monograph  as  L.  avena- 
ceum  appears  undoubtedly  to  be  the  medeoloides  of  Japan, 
while  the  L.  medeoloides  of  the  Monograph,  as  to  which 
Elwes  himself  had  doubts,  does  not  seem  to  be  known 
in  Japan,  though  Mr.  Alfred  Unger  of  Yokohama  reports 
having  had  a  Lily  identical  in  flower  and  bulb  from  Kiau- 
chou,  the  pied  a  terre  of  Germany  in  China.  It  does  not 
follow  that  this  Lily  is  the  true  avenaceum,  since  Maxi- 
mowicz'  description  of  the  latter  shows  it  to  be  a  Martagon, 
while  the  Kiauchou  Lily  has  upright  flowers  and  is  an 
Isolirion. 

L.  monadelphum,  and  what  is  known  as  its  variety, 
Szovitzianum  (see  Plate  VII),  for  they  seem  inextricably 
mixed,  from  the  Southern  Caucasus,  has  a  splendid  consti- 
tution, does  well  on  limestone  or  loamy  soils,  and  if  in 
congenial  surroundings,  will  grow  6  feet  or  more  high,  and 
bear  from  twenty  to  thirty  of  its  fragrant  flowers. 

Whether   the    monadelphous  character    of   the    typical 


L.    MONADELPHUM  63 

plant  originally  discovered  by  Bieberstein  is  constant  is 
open  to  question,  for  of  hundreds  of  flowers  the  author 
has  examined,  he  has  not  found  one  in  which  the  fila- 
ments are  united  from  the  base  upwards. 

The  plant  is  very  variable  both  as  to  foliage  and  colour 
of  the  flowers,  and  this  applies  quite  as  much  to  imported 
bulbs  as  to  those  raised  from  seed  at  home  :  in  some  the 
colour  is  a  fine  canary-yellow  both  with  and  without 
spots  ;  in  others  the  yellow  pales  almost  to  straw  ;  while 
in  yet  others  we  find  it  the  deep  colour  of  Coreopsis  grandi- 
flora,  and,  to  make  confusion  worse  confounded,  the  anthers 
vary  in  colour  as  much  as  the  petals. 

In  some  of  its  forms  this  Lily  shares  with  L.  testaceum 
the  peculiarity  of  keeping  the  flower-buds  tucked  away  in 
the  foliage  till  they  are  about  to  open. 

Once  established  it  dislikes  being  tampered  with  even 
more  than  most  Lilies,  and  if  moving  is  necessary,  it  should 
be  done  directly  the  seed  is  ripe;  if  the  planting  is  de- 
ferred, the  bulbs  will  quite  commonly  make  no  sign  above 
ground  the  following  season,  but  will  appear  as  usual  the 
year  after. 

It  comes  readily  if  slowly  from  seed,  which  may  be 
sown  in  an  open  bed,  the  germination  taking  place  under- 
ground. Established  bulbs  may  be  planted  5  inches  deep 
in  a  position  fully  exposed  to  sunshine. 

Of  late  years  a  fine  form  labelled  by  some  L.  mona- 
delphum,  and  by  others  colchicum,  has  made  its  reappear- 
ance in  this  country  after  importation  from  St.  Petersburg  ; 
in  this  variety  the  blooms  are  smaller  and  take  rather  more 
of  the  trumpet  shape,  while  the  colour  is  a  very  deep 
yellow,  both  with  and  without  spots,  but  in  those  that  have 
come  under  the  author's  notice  the  filaments  are  not  united 


64     PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

below,  and  the  bulb,  by  which  alone  a  separate  species 
can  be  determined,  though  said  to  be  different,  is  not 
distinguishable  from  those  known  as  L.  Szovitzianum. 

L.  myriophyllum  (see  Plate  II). — One  of  the  many 
"finds"  of  that  prolific  collector  the  Abbe  Delavay,  L. 
myriophyllum  was  originally  distributed  by  Leichtlin  some 
ten  years  ago,  and  has  of  late  been  brought  into  commerce. 
On  one  of  his  expeditions  E.  H.  Wilson  found  this  Lily  on 
the  Chino-Tibetan  frontier  growing  at  3000-6000  feet  in 
low  scrub  on  rocky  mountain-sides,  and  in  some  of  the 
warm,  dry  river  valleys  thereabouts  ;  he  considered  it  allied 
to  L.  leucanthum. 

In  cultivation  it  has  proved  a  variable  plant  as  far  as 
the  colouration  of  the  flowers  is  concerned,  and,  in  the  form 
grown  originally  by  Leichtlin  especially,  the  contrast  be- 
tween the  rich  wine  colour  of  the  reverse  of  the  petals 
and  the  gold  shading  of  the  throat  is  extraordinarily 
beautiful. 

The  Lilies  of  Western  China  present  many  points  of 
interest  to  botanists  in  the  difficulties  attendant  on  attempts 
at  classification  ;  considered  by  Baker  as  allied  to  L.  longi- 
florum  and  by  Leichtlin  as  belonging  to  the  Brownii  sec- 
tion, L.  myriophyllum  has  a  bulb  which  is  indistinguishable 
from  L.  leucanthum,  L.  sulphureum,  and  L.  longiflorum,  and 
the  Lily  itself  seems  intermediate  between  L.  leucanthum 
and  L.  Brownii;  it  may  be  distinguished  by  the  narrow 
linear  leaves,  which  crowd  densely  round  the  stem,  in  a 
manner  reminding  one  of  L.  sutchuenense.  Judging  by  the 
behaviour  of  this  Lily  during  the  few  years  it  has  been  in 
cultivation,  there  seems  no  reason  to  doubt  that  it  is  a  fine 
plant  with  a  good  constitution,  presenting  no  special  diffi- 
culties to  the  cultivator ;  as  a  stem-rooting  Lily  it  should  be 


L.    PARDALINUM  65 

planted  about  9  inches  deep  in  a  light,  rich  soil.  It  is 
singular  in  that  the  leaves  remain  on  the  stem  for  an  un- 
usually long  time  ;  no  doubt  it  was  this  peculiarity  which 
led  Leichtlin  to  describe  it  as  almost  evergreen. 

L.  pardalinum. — Though  commonly  supposed  to  be  a 
peat-loving  plant,  the  Californian  Panther  Lily  will  grow 
well  in  good  loam,  and  does  not  object  to  soil  containing 
lime.  Elwes  records  it  as  growing  and  increasing  freely  in 
dry,  hungry,  oolite  soil. 

Essentially  a  moisture-loving  plant,  however,  it  is  never 
seen  to  better  advantage  than  when  planted  in  full  sunshine 
on  the  edge  of  a  stream  or  pond  where,  the  bulbs  out  of 
harm's  way,  the  roots  may  push  their  toes  into  the  water ; 
in  such  places  it  will  climb  up  7  or  8  feet  high,  the  stems 
smothered  in  bloom  of  every  imaginable  shade  between 
yellow  and  red,  for  a  Lily  more  variable  in  the  colour  of 
its  flowers  does  not  exist. 

The  rhizomatous  bulb  rapidly  increases,  usually  in 
horseshoe  form,  and  in  a  year  or  two  each  one  will  throw 
up  four  or  five  flowering  stems. 

L.  pardalinum  may  be  planted  5  inches  deep  and  12 
inches  apart  in  sheltered  or  fully  exposed  positions,  and, 
where  it  grows  tall,  should  be  screened  from  rough  winds 
or  carefully  staked. 

No  wild  Lily  has  more  natural  varieties,  and  while  many 
have  been  christened  with  distinctive  names,  the  variations 
in  these  named  forms  themselves  are  quite  bewildering  :  in 
some  the  foliage  is  lanceolate,  sometimes  in  whorls,  some- 
times broken  up  ;  in  others,  again,  it  is  oblanceolate  and  in 
regular  whorls  as  becomes  a  Martagon  ;  in  a  bed  of  seedlings 
one  may  find  all  the  forms  of  varying  foliage  as  well  as  stature, 
and  a  range  of  colour  from  a  fine  light  yellow  to  a  deep  red. 

E 


66     PRESENT-DAY   GARDENING 

Of  late  years  several  garden  forms,  mostly  due  to  Luther 
Burbank,  have  come  into  commerce,  and  these  are  un- 
doubtedly exceptionally  fine.  They  have  been  given  names 
such  as  "Glow,"  "Defiance,"  and  "Red  Giant,"  and  are  in 
every  way  well  worth  growing,  though  propagation  is  slow 
since  it  has  to  be  by  scale  offsets,  as  the  varieties  cannot  be 
relied  upon  to  come  true  from  seed. 

The  only  form  of  L.  pardalinum  which  can  truthfully 
be  said  to  be  really  distinct  and  to  retain  its  distinctiveness 
is  that  known  as  L.  Roezlii,  a  typical  Turk's  Cap  as  to  its 
flowers,  which  are  a  beautiful  light  orange  tint — in  the  way  of 
L.  parvum  luteum — delicately  spotted  with  maroon.  It  is  a 
more  slender  Lily  than  the  ordinary  form  of  pardalinum,  and 
the  narrow  leaves  with  which  the  stem  is  crowded  give  it  a 
distinct  appearance. 

The  rhizomatous  bulb  is  usually  solitary,  and  does  not 
increase  as  does  that  of  the  type.  It  comes  from  Oregon  and, 
like  L.  maritimum,  is  considered  by  Purdy  as  a  true  bog  Lily. 

L.  parviflofum  grows  on  the  slopes  of  the  Sierras  at 
low  elevations.  In  flower  it  closely  resembles  a  small 
edition  of  L.  pardalinum,  and  the  variations  in  colour  are 
much  the  same  in  both  Lilies.  L.  parviflorum  is  usually  in 
flower  a  week  or  two  before  the  Panther  Lily  :  it  does  not 
increase  and  send  up  a  multitude  of  flowering  stems  as  that 
Lily  does,  but  is  altogether  a  good  thing.  Plant  about  5 
inches  deep  in  full  sunshine  in  rather  lighter  soil  than  for 
L.  pardalinum,  and  see  to  the  drainage  of  the  bulb. 

L.  parvum. — This  is  one  of  the  mountain  Lilies  of  the 
Sierras,  neither  exactly  easy  nor  difficult  to  get  on  with,  and, 
when  well  grown,  an  extraordinarily  floriferous  plant,  and 
beautiful  to  boot.  Mr.  Purdy  tells  us  that  in  its  home  in 
the  sub-alpine  regions  about  Lake  Taho  it  grows  5  or  6 


L.    PHILADELPHICUM  67 

feet  high  in  deep,  moist,  sharp  soil  along  banks  of  the 
streams  ;  in  this  country  it  is  seldom  seen  much  over  3  feet. 

L.  parvum  is  a  most  distinct  plant,  with  nearly  upright, 
crimson-tipped,  orange  bells  borne  on  long,  slender  pedicels, 
which  give  it  an  unusually  graceful  look. 

The  variety  luteum  is  a  really  beautiful  Lily  far  too  little 
known  ;  it  grows  taller  than  the  type,  and  has  clear  deep 
yellow  flowers  beautifully  spotted. 

L.  parvum  succeeds  in  circumstances  that  suit  L.  Parry i. 

L.  philadelphicum. — For  some  obscure  reason  L.  phila- 
delphicum  has  never  been  much  in  favour  with  horticul- 
turists, and  an  undeserved  reputation  for  delicacy  may  have 
some  bearing  on  this.  It  is  a  pity,  for  the  Lily  is  well  worth 
growing,  and  does  not  strike  one  as  particularly  obstinate  or 
difficult  to  manage  ;  it  is  quite  hardy,  and,  moreover,  ripens 
seed  freely,  and  as  this  is  readily  cultivated,  there  is  no  need  to 
rely  on  bulbs  imported  from  America,  cheap  though  they  be. 

Although  a  much  more  slender  thing,  L.  philadelphicum 
seemingly  takes  the  place  in  the  Western  world  occupied  by 
L.  bulbiferum  in  Europe.  It  usually  grows  about  two-thirds 
of  a  yard  high,  the  erect,  cup-shaped  flowers  springing  from 
distinct  claws  in  an  umbel  of  three  or  four  at  the  top  of  the 
stem  ;  though  variable,  they  are  usually  a  brilliant  shade  of 
orange  dotted  with  purple. 

L.  philadelphicum  is  a  common  Lily  in  North  America, 
and  may  be  found  from  Canada  to  Louisiana.  The  bulb 
is  peculiar  and  approaches  more  nearly  that  of  Fritillaria 
recurva  than  other  American  Lily  bulbs  ;  it  is  usually  about 
the  size  of  a  good  walnut  and  has  the  scales  articulated.  L. 
philadelphicum  grows  well  in  a  light,  lime-free  soil  in  full 
sun,  and  may  be  planted  5  inches  deep  ;  an  excess  of  wet 
in  winter  is  often  fatal  to  the  bulb  if  the  drainage  is  slow. 


68      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

A  particularly  fine  form  introduced  to  cultivation  by 
Leichtlin  is  named  Wansharaicum. 

L.  pomponium. — A  native  of  the  Maritime  Alps,  where 
it  is  found  in  a  wild  state  2|  to  3  feet  high,  this  fine  old 
Turk's  Cap — the  Martagon  Pompony  of  Parkinson — re- 
sponds so  well  to  cultivation  that  one  may  have  it  more 
than  4  feet  high  and  bearing  a  dozen  of  its  scarlet  flowers, 
so  symmetrically  formed  that  they  might  be  made  of  wax 
and  turned  out  of  a  mould  ;  it  is  perhaps  a  more  perfect 
example  of  the  true  Turk's  Cap  shape  than  any  other  Lily. 

L.  pomponium  takes  rather  longer  to  become  established 
than  many  of  the  so-called  common  species,  and  is  slow  of 
increase,  though  the  seed,  which  is  produced  in  abundance 
in  most  seasons,  germinates  quickly. 

It  may  generally  be  seen  doing  well  in  full  exposure  in 
a  rather  strong  loam,  and,  like  L.  croceum,  it  appreciates  a 
subsoil  of  well-drained  clay  ;  it  does  not  succeed  so  well  in 
dry  soil,  nor  is  it  at  home  in  peaty  mixtures,  being  essentially 
a  plant  for  soils  having  lime  in  them. 

The  bulbs  should  be  planted  4  inches  deep  and  a  foot 
apart. 

L.  pyrenaicum,  or  the  Yellow  Turk's  Cap,  though  of  the 
easiest  culture,  is  not  a  thing  of  beauty,  and  may  be  de- 
scribed in  a  general  way  as  a  low-growing  and  very  inferior, 
small-flowered  monadelphum,  though  that  indeed  is  flatter- 
ing it  too  highly.  The  flowers  have  a  peculiarly  objection- 
able smell,  and  the  best  we  can  say  of  the  Lily  is  that  its 
bulbs  are  "fine  and  large,"  and  that,  while  it  will  grow 
almost  anywhere,  it  does  best  in  a  heavy  loam  in  full  sun. 
As  its  name  implies,  the  Lily  is  a  wild  plant  of  the  Pyrenees, 
but  is  stated  in  Elwes'  Monograph  to  have  been  found  in 
Transylvania  and  Bosnia,  1000  miles  away. 


L.    SPECIOSUM  69 

L.  Jankae. — This  plant  also  is  found  in  the  mountains 
of  Transylvania,  and  is  considered  by  Baker  to  be  nearly  allied 
to  L.pyrenaicum,  from  which  it  differs  in  its  taller  growth  and 
larger  flowers  :  there  is  not  any  great  difference  between  L. 
Jankce  and  some  of  the  poorer  forms  of  L.  monadelphum. 

L.  speciosum. — Originally  a  native  of  Korea  and  found 
by  Thunberg  more  than  a  hundred  years  ago,  L.  speciosum, 
in  one  or  other  of  its  many  beautiful  forms,  is  known  to  all : 
indeed,  with  the  exception  of  L.  longiflorum,  no  Lily  is  prob- 
ably more  used  for  pot  culture  and  forcing.  While  not 
perhaps  a  plant  for  every  garden,  the  cultivation  of  this 
Lily  does  not  lay  any  great  tax  on  the  resources  or  ingenuity 
of  the  Lily  grower,  and  its  requirements  once  understood, 
L.  speciosum  may  be  relied  upon  to  prosper,  sending  up  its 
flowering  stems  year  after  year  in  increasing  numbers,  and 
only  failing  now  and  again  when  our  English  summer 
proves  especially  inhospitable  to  this  Eastern  beauty. 

While  from  his  own  experience  the  author  is  not  able 
to  say  that  L.  speciosum  will  not  grow  in  limy  soil,  there 
can  be  no  sort  of  doubt  that  it  is  more  at  home  in  ground 
that  is  free  from  lime,  and  it  may  be  grown  to  perfection 
in  a  rich,  open,  woodland  soil  overlying  a  stiff,  red,  sandy 
loam,  into  which  its  long  roots  can  wander  as  they  please. 

On  the  richness  of  the  top  soil  depends  the  growth 
of  the  stem  and  flowers,  and  it  is  no  exaggeration  to  say 
that  one  cannot  mulch  this  Lily  too  much. 

It  opens  its  flowers  so  late  in  the  season  that  it  is  prob- 
ably best  to  plant  L.  speciosum  in  full  sunshine,  and  if  the 
summer  should  prove  exceptionally  hot  the  only  effect  will 
be  that  the  Lily  may  flower  a  little  earlier  than  usual,  while 
the  blooms  will  fade  sooner  than  if  the  plant  is  in  shade. 
That,  however,  holds  good  for  all  Lilies,  and  the  objection  to 


7o      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

planting  these  late-flowering  " woodland"  Lilies  of  Japan  in 
partially  shaded  places  is  that  in  cheerless  summers,  such  as 
we  have  had  in  1909  and  1910,  many  of  the  flower-buds 
will  not  open. 

Bulbs  of  L.  speciosum  may  be  planted  10  or  12  inches 
deep,  of  course  among  ground-shading  shrubs,  and  if  there 
is  any  doubt  about  the  drainage  it  is  best  to  lay  the  bulbs 
on  inverted  pots. 

Though  of  Japanese  origin,  L.  speciosum  has  been  raised 
in  enormous  quantities  by  the  nurserymen  of  Holland 
during  the  past  half-century,  with  the  result  that  the 
character  of  the  Dutch  flowers  has  undergone  some  change, 
and,  if  the  truth  must  be  told,  some  deterioration  when 
compared  to  their  Japanese  prototypes. 

Whatever  the  cause,  there  can  be  no  question  that  the 
Japanese  flowers  are  indubitably  finer  in  size  and  richness 
of  colouring  than  those  raised  in  Holland  ;  but  the  bulbs 
of  the  Dutch-grown  sorts  are  in  themselves  far  more  satis- 
factory, for  the  roots  are  not  cut  off,  there  is  an  absence 
of  disease,  and  they  come  to  market  generally  in  far  better 
condition  than  those  from  the  East. 

Those  who  wish  to  grow  the  Japanese  sorts  should  pot 
the  bulbs  for  the  first  season,  cutting  off  all  flower-buds 
that  may  form,  and  planting  out  any  that  are  in  good 
condition  after  the  first  year's  growth  ;  this  may  be  a  trial 
of  patience  for  some,  but  it  is  the  best  way  in  the  end. 

Of  the  varieties  imported  from  Japan,  Kraetzeri  (see 
Plate  III)  has  a  beautiful,  snow-white  flower  with  a  golden 
green  stripe  down  the  centre  of  each  petal,  and  anthers  of  a 
coppery  tint.  Alike  in  the  form  of  the  flower  and  its  way  of 
growing,  this  Lily  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  we  have. 

Of  coloured  varieties  from  Japan  there  are  many,  and 


L.    SPECIOSUM  71 

while  all  of  them  are  variations  on  the  theme  of  pink  and 
white,  two,  rubrum  magnificum  and  Melpomene — the  latter 
of  American  origin — stand  out  prominently  from  the  others, 
the  former  on  account  of  its  vigorous  growth  as  well  as  the 
size  and  depth  of  colouring  of  the  blooms,  and  the  latter 
for  the  delicate  beauty  of  the  lighter-coloured  flowers. 

L.  s.  rubrum  magnificum  was  found  some  few  years  ago 
by  collectors  of  the  Tokyo  and  Yokohama  bulb  merchants, 
in  the  small  group  of  the  Koishikijima  Islands  west  of 
Nagasaki,  where  the  bulbs  are  looked  upon  as  a  by- 
product and  cultivated  in  the  fields  among  crops  such  as 
potatoes,  the  bulbs  being  planted  between  the  rows.  When 
of  a  suitable  size  the  ripened  bulbs  are  cleaned  up,  dried 
in  the  sun,  and  exported  to  China  as  food. 

There  are  other  forms  of  L.  speciosum,  such  as  rubrum, 
roseum,  and  punctatum,  but  if  the  amateur  has  Kraetzeri, 
Melpomene,  rubrum  magnificum,  and  grows  them  well,  he 
will  need  no  others. 

Of  the  Dutch  varieties,  the  forms  album,  roseum,  and 
rubrum  are  good  of  their  kind,  but,  as  already  explained, 
inferior  to  the  Japanese  plants  in  beauty,  though  the  bulbs 
are  better. 

The  stems  of  some  varieties  of  L.  speciosum  are  a 
good  deal  subject  to  fasciation  ;  the  Dutch  nurserymen 
have  taken  advantage  of  this  peculiarity,  and,  having 
succeeded  in  making  it  permanent,  have  placed  these 
monstrosities  in  commerce.  The  amateur  will  be  well 
advised  to  leave  them  alone. 

L.  superbum,  from  the  Eastern  States  of  North  America, 
is,  when  well  grown,  a  magnificent  plant,  upwards  of  8  feet 
high  and  with  thirty  or  more  flowers,  the  colour  varying 
through  every  shade  of  yellow  to  orange-red.  It  is  often 


72      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

confounded  with  L.  pardalinum,  and  except  that  the  petals 
of  the  flowers  are  more  pointed  and  often  larger  than 
in  the  latter  Lily,  there  is  but  little  difference. 

The  bulbs,  however,  of  the  two  species  are  distinct,  and 
L.  superbum  does  not  come  into  flower  as  a  rule  till  the 
Panther  Lily  is  over. 

In  Nature  an  inhabitant  of  moist,  peaty  hollows,  L. 
superbum  will  generally  do  well  in  situations  where  L. 
pardalinum  flourishes,  though  it  will  not  stand  drought 
as  well  as  that  species,  and  is  not  partial  to  lime. 

The  bulbs  may  be  planted  4  or  5  inches  deep  in  full 
sunshine  or  partial  shade. 

L.  sutchuenense  is  one  of  the  moderns,  having  been 
collected  by  Father  Farges  in  Szechuen  barely  twenty  years 
ago.  It  is  a  most  striking  plant,  and  may  be  described  as  a 
refined  Tiger  Lily ;  the  stem  is  thickly  clothed  with  narrow 
linear  leaves  of  a  beautiful  deep  green.  E.  H.  Wilson 
describes  it  as  common  on  rocky,  grass-clad  slopes  of  the 
Chino-Tibetan  frontier  region  at  7000-9000  feet.  He  states 
that  the  bulbs  are  cultivated  by  the  peasants  as  a  vegetable. 

When  established  in  comfortable  quarters  this  stem- 
rooting  Martagon  will  grow  5  feet  and  more  high,  carrying 
as  many  as  twenty  blooms. 

It  shares  with  L.  Leichtlinii  and  one  or  two  other  Lilies 
the  peculiar  habit  of  sending  its  flower-stem  horizontally 
along  under  the  ground  for  some  distance  before  pushing 
its  way  through  the  earth  :  offsets  form  in  numbers  on  this 
underground  creeping  stem  and  may  be  detached  and  grown 
on.  This  peculiarity  is  of  especial  joy  to  the  cultivator,  for 
as  L.  sutchuenense  does  not  set  seed  in  this  country,  the 
little  bulbs  provide  a  ready  means  whereby  this  uncommon 
but  distinguished-looking  Lily  may  be  propagated. 


PLATE  VI 

L.   MONADELPHUM   VAR.   SZOVITZIANUM 
(See  pp.  30  and  62.) 


L.    TENUIFOLIUM  75 

When  established  the  bulbs  measure  from  i\  to  3 
inches  in  diameter,  and  may  be  planted  9  or  10  inches 
deep  in  a  free,  open  soil  of  loam,  grit,  leaf-mould,  and 
charcoal ;  as  far  as  the  author's  observations  go,  it  does 
not  matter  whether  the  loam  has  lime  in  it  or  not. 

L.  tenuifolium,  the  narrow-leaved  Lily  of  Siberia,  is 
an  exceptionally  attractive  little  thing,  and  well  within  the 
management  of  any  gardener,  once  he  realises  that  the  bulbs 
are  seldom  of  more  than  triennial  duration,  and  oftener 
biennial.  He  must  sow  every  season  a  pinch  of  the  seed 
which  is  nearly  always  forthcoming,  and  the  production  of 
which  in  such  quantities  by  a  tiny  bulb  may  in  great  measure 
be  the  cause  of  the  brief  existence  of  this  Lily. 

L.  tenuifolium  grows  well  in  what  we  may  term  "  Dutch  " 
soil,  that  is,  sand,  preferably  of  the  seashore,  with  which 
cow  manure  broken  down  fine  is  mixed,  and  the  plant  likes 
the  sunniest  place  it  can  get,  with  plenty  of  moisture  at  the 
roots  when  growing.  If  this  Lily  is  not  allowed  to  seed  after 
flowering,  the  bulb  does  not  die  so  soon  as  if  left  to  work 
out  its  own  destiny  ;  but  nothing  apparently  avails  to  keep  it 
alive  for  more  than  four  years. 

The  flowers  are  perfect  Turk's  Caps  of  a  brilliant,  san- 
guineous red,  borne  on  slender  stems  about  a  foot  and  a 
half  high. 

The  bulbs,  in  shape  not  unlike  those  of  a  Tulip,  are 
unique  among  Lilies  in  that  they  are  composed  of  a  few 
large,  smooth  leaves  or  scales  which  fit  over  each  other 
tightly,  rather  like  those  one  finds  in  the  heart  of  a  globe 
artichoke  ;  they  should  be  planted  4  or  5  inches  deep  in 
soil  that  is  very  perfectly  drained. 

L.  testaceum.  —  The  origin  of  L.  testaceum  or  the 
Nankeen  Lily  is  uncertain.  It  has  been  said  to  come 


76      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

from  Japan,  though  neither  of  its  reputed  parents  grows 
there,  and  in  Dr.  Wallace's  Notes  on  Lilies  reference  is 
made  to  the  fact  that  he  has  actually  seen  a  figure  of  this 
Lily  amongst  a  collection  of  Japanese  drawings.  There  does 
not  appear  to  be  any  record  of  it  having  been  found  in  a 
wild  state,  and  the  common  supposition  that  it  is  a  hybrid 
between  L.  candidum  and  L.  chalcedonicum  seems  reason- 
able, though  if  the  Lily  "  Golden  Gleam,"  the  cross  between 
the  Siberian  Turk's  Cap  and  the  White  Martagon,  is  any 
guide  as  to  colour,  one  would  expect  a  cross  between  the 
reputed  parents  of  the  Nankeen  Lily  to  have  more  colour  in 
it.  It  is  also  a  little  difficult  to  understand  how  a  disagreeable 
smelling  thing  like  L.  chalcedonicum  can  have  any  connec- 
tion with  a  Lily  of  such  sweet  fragrance  as  the  one  under 
notice. 

L.  testaceum  is  first  recorded  as  having  made  its  appear- 
ance in  a  nursery  at  Erfurt  in  1846,  and  it  soon  spread  to 
this  country.  It  does  not  ripen  seed,  and  is  rather  slow  of 
increase  ;  no  doubt  that  is  the  reason  why  the  bulbs  are 
rather  expensive.  Except  that  it  is  not  a  good  plant  for 
a  dry  place,  it  does  well  under  the  same  conditions  as 
L.  candidum,  and  should  be  planted  the  same  depth. 

L.  tigrinum. — Restrict  a  gardener  to  twelve  sorts  of  Lilies 
and  surely  he  will  choose  the  Tiger  Lily  as  one  of  them,  not 
only  because  he  has  known  it  from  his  childhood's  days,  but 
also  for  its  beauty. 

Introduced  to  this  country  from  China  more  than  a 
hundred  years  ago,  the  original  species,  L.  tigrinum  sinensis, 
soon  found  its  way  into  gardens,  and  in  one  form  or  another 
it  has  since  become  a  very  general  favourite — so  much  so, 
indeed,  that  to-day  it  is  probably  a  cheaper  Lily  to  buy  than 
any  other. 


L.   TIGRINUM  77 

The  reason  of  this  cheapness  is  not  far  to  seek,  for 
L.  tigrinum,  even  if  indifferently  grown,  produces  a  crop  of 
tiny  bulbs  on  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  and  when  these  are 
removed  and  grown  on  in  beds  they  produce  flowering 
bulbs  in  only  three  years,  so  that  nurserymen  and  others 
have  at  hand  a  simple  and  unusually  expeditious  method  of 
propagation.  In  addition  to  this,  the  Tiger  Lily  is  cultivated 
in  Japan  in  great  quantities  as  a  vegetable,  and  there  is 
therefore  always  a  good  stock  on  which  the  merchants  are 
able  to  draw  for  export  to  foreign  countries. 

In  many  gardens,  especially  those  in  which  there  is 
much  lime  in  the  soil,  L.  tigrinum  gradually  dwindles  away 
after  the  bulb  has  reached  maturity,  and  probably  it  is  only 
the  simplicity  of  propagation  that  keeps  up  the  stock  in 
such  places. 

Of  late  years  the  original  species  has  largely  given  place 
to  two  varieties,  L.  t.  splendens  and  L.  t.  Fortunei,  each 
finer  in  every  way  than  the  older  plant,  and  easily  recog- 
nisable, the  first  by  its  dark,  almost  black,  smooth  stems, 
and  the  latter  not  only  by  the  magnificence  of  its  growth 
but  the  hairiness  of  the  stout,  upstanding  stem. 

The  double  form,  flore  plenum,  is  a  common  article  of 
commerce,  and  for  those  who  appreciate  these  forms  is  prob- 
ably more  satisfactory  than  the  double  varieties  of  other  Lilies. 

The  Japanese  merchants  annually  export  thousands  of 
Tiger  Lilies,  especially  L.  t.  Fortunei  and  its  huge  form,  For- 
tunei giganteum,  the  bulb  of  which  is  much  larger  than  the 
other  varieties,  and  which  alone,  amongst  Lilies  exported 
from  Japan,  shares  with  L.  Hansonii  the  satisfactory  reputa- 
tion of  being  more  or  less  certain  to  flower  well  the  first 
season  after  planting. 

The  Lily  does  not  seed  in  this  country,  but,  as  already 


78      PRESENT-DAY   GARDENING 

explained,  reproduction  is  provided  for  in  a  simple  and 
satisfactory  way  by  means  of  the  axillary  bulbils.  Any  one 
wishing  to  use  the  Tiger  Lily  for  hybridising  purposes  will 
generally  be  able  to  induce  it  to  set  seed  by  removing  the 
axillary  bulbils  directly  they  appear,  so  that  all  the  energy 
of  the  plant  is  thrown  into  the  bearing  of  seed  and  is  not 
used  up  in  nourishing  the  bulbils. 

The  bulbs  of  the  old  form  and  of  the  variety  splendens 
may  be  planted  6  or  8  inches  deep,  and  those  of  Fortunei  a 
foot  deep  in  rich,  lime-free  soil,  all  in  full  sun.  Splendens 
is  one  of  the  best  plants  we  have  for  potting. 

If  the  stem  bulbils  are  not  removed  they  fall  to  the 
ground  in  due  course,  and  a  proportion'  of  those  that  escape 
the  attention  of  birds  and  slugs  may  eventually  put  out 
roots  and  pull  themselves  into  the  ground ;  so  that  in 
established  plantings  one  may  see  masses  of  young  Lilies 
rising  up  among  the  parent  stems  ;  but  unless  the  ground 
is  rich  or  well  mulched  these  seldom  attain  the  proportions 
of  their  parents. 


CHAPTER   XIV 
THE    MORE    DIFFICULT    LILIES 

As  in  the  case  of  Lilies  classed  as  easily  grown,  criticism 
may  be  directed  to  the  arbitrary  inclusion  of  several  of  the 
following  Lilies  under  this  head,  for  to  individuals  the  culti- 
vation of  some  of  them  will  undoubtedly  be  a  simple  matter  ; 
in  a  general  way,  however,  it  may  be  said  that,  as  far  as 
our  experience  goes  at  present,  all  the  Lilies  enumerated  need 
a  good  deal  more  care  and  attention  than  those  referred  to 
under  the  head  of  easily-grown  plants. 


L.    BOLANDERI  79 

L.  Bolanderi.— -Although  known  to  botanists  for  more 
than  thirty  years,  L.  Bolanderi  is  still  rare  in  this  country. 
It  does  not  seem  specially  difficult  to  manage,  and  is  well 
worth  trying  in  places  that  suit  L.  Kelloggii.  The  slender 
stem  seldom  bears  more  than  three  dainty  bells,  and  these  are 
not  unlike  a  miniature  L.  Grayi  in  shape,  though  semi-erect ; 
the  colour  is  a  vinous  red  plentifully  spotted  with  purple  ; 
the  bulb  is  small,  with  wiry  roots,  and  resembles  a  miniature 
L.  Humboldtii. 

L.  Brownii. — Though,  as  things  go,  comparatively  an 
old  plant,  having  made  its  first  appearance  in  this  country 
more  than  a  hundred  years  ago,  the  habitat  of  L.  Brownii 
was  never  known  with  certainty  till  1888,  when  Henry 
chanced  upon  it  growing  wild  in  some  of  the  gorges  of  the 
Yangtse-kiang. 

The  Lily  usually  grown  in  gardens  as  L.  Brownii  is 
derived  from  the  Dutch  and  Japanese  nurserymen  who 
cultivate  it  in  large  quantities.  Whether  it  was  ever  identical 
with  the  typical  plant  or  whether,  as  sometimes  happens, 
its  characteristics  have  undergone  some  change  under 
cultivation  is  not  clear,  but  it  is  evident  that  the  L.  Brownii 
of  gardens  is  not  in  all  respects  the  same  as  the  typical 
plant  of  Western  China,  and  the  garden  form — as  we  may 
call  it — is  that  referred  to  in  this  section. 

Though  often  grown  as  a  pot  plant,  L.  Brownii  is  by  no 
means  a  common  Lily  in  gardens,  and  in  many  places  has 
a  disappointing  way  of  dying  just  as  one  thinks  it  has 
become  established  :  it  seems  less  able  than  many  species 
to  stand  a  superabundance  of  moisture  in  winter,  and  this 
may  have  something  to  do  with  the  reputation  it  has 
earned  for  itself  of  unreliability.  The  late  Dr.  Wallace 
suggested  that  possibly  the  singular  shape  of  the  bulb  might 


80      PRESENT-DAY   GARDENING 

furnish  the  key  to  this  weakness,  for  the  scales  are  cupped 
at  the  base  of  the  bulb  in  a  way  to  catch  and  retain  moisture 
passing  through  the  earth.  Whatever  the  cause  of  its  fre- 
quent failure,  there  is  no  doubt  one  cannot  have  too  quick 
a  drainage  for  L.  Brownii. 

Sometimes  it  does  well  for  a  time  in  light,  sandy  soil, 
raising  the  hopes  of  the  grower  only  to  dash  them  down 
again  by  dwindling  away  in  such  soils,  as  likely  as  not 
from  starvation  ;  in  those  gardens  where  it  is  more  or  less 
perennial  it  will  be  found  that  it  does  best  under  conditions 
that  suit  L.  auratum  and  L.  speciosum,  though,  unlike  those 
species,  it  bears  with  lime. 

Although  usually  content  to  produce  a  solitary  flower  on 
its  slender  stem,  seldom  more  than  a  yard  high,  L.  Brownii 
appreciates  careful  cultivation,  and  if  in  surroundings  that 
suit  it,  will  put  forth  three  of  its  beautiful,  chocolate-tinted 
trumpets,  a  trifle  coarser  perhaps,  and  certainly  less  funnelled, 
than  those  of  L.  longiflorum,  and  with  the  inside  as  waxy  as 
the  bloom  of  a  Camellia. 

According  to  botanical  authorities,  L.  Brownii  has  several 
varieties  ;  they  are  all  remarkably  fine  Lilies,  and  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  before  long  they  may  be  in  more  general  culti- 
vation than  they  are  at  present. 

Sent  home  by  Henry  at  the  time  he  found  L.  Brownii, 
L.  leucanthum  has  proved  a  splendid  addition  to  our  list  of 
Lilies,  for  it  is  more  robust  than  the  garden  type  and  is, 
moreover,  readily  propagated  by  the  bulbils  which  form  in 
numbers  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  and  which  are  easily 
grown  on  in  pans. 

The  presence  of  the  axillary  bulbils,  the  way  the  plant 
presents  its  flowers,  its  general  habit  of  growth,  as  well 
as  the  bulb,  are  all  reminiscent  of  L.  sulphur  cum ;  though 


L.    BROWNII  81 

it  grows  a  good  deal  taller  than  L.  Brownii,  it  is  not  much 
more  than  half  as  high  as  L.  sulphur eum ;  the  blooms  are 
tinged  with  yellow  on  the  outside,  and  not  chocolate  as  in 
L.  Brownii,  and  they  are  of  a  curious  tubular  shape  when 
first  opening. 

The  variety  chloraster,  another  of  Henry's  discoveries, 
is  not  in  general  cultivation,  nor  is  platyphyllum. 

The  bulbs  of  L.  Brownii  and  its  varieties  may  be 
planted  9  inches  deep  in  full  sunshine. 

Besides  the  typical  form  of  L.  Brownii,  which  as  re- 
ported by  Henry  is  a  far  more  robust  and  floriferous 
Lily  than  the  form  known  to  gardens,  it  is  probable  that 
further  exploration  in  China  may  bring  to  light  other  forms 
of  Lilies  leaning  sometimes  to  L.  longiflornm  and  at  other 
times  to  L.  Brownii,  and,  assuming  that  the  two  have  a 
common  ancestor,  it  is  even  possible  the  various  stages  of 
the  connecting  links  between  them  may  be  discovered,  and 
light  obtained  upon  the  relationship  between  L.  leucanthum 
and  L.  sulphureum, 

Among  the  collection  of  Chinese  plants  formed  by  the 
Abbe  David  there  are  several  which  seem  to  favour  L.  longi- 
florum  as  well  as  L.  Brownii,  and  L.  myriophyllum,  one  of 
the  newest  Chinese  Lilies,  is  a  good  example  of  the  diffi- 
culty of  classifying  some  members  of  the  family,  for  it 
seems  intermediate  between  the  two. 

L.  callosum. — This  species  never  seems  to  have  appealed 
much  to  English  growers,  and  this  is  remarkable,  as  its  re- 
quirements call  for  no  very  special  efforts  on  the  part  of  the 
gardener.  Possibly  the  way  it  has  of  flowering  late  in  the 
season  may  have  caused  growers  to  turn  a  blind  eye  to  the 
Lily's  charms  ;  but  it  is  no  later  than  L.  sulphureum,  with 
which  a  good  many  people  toy. 

F 


82      PRESENT-DAY   GARDENING 

L.  callosum,  so  called  because  of  callous  bracts  on  the 
flower  pedicle,  is  a  very  variable  plant,  and  that  may  also 
have  something  to  do  with  its  scarcity  in  gardens,  for  many 
of  the  bulbs  throw  flowers  of  a  muddy,  rather  uninteresting 
shade  of  red,  and  any  one  seeing  this  and  not  knowing  that 
the  Lily  can  do  much  better,  would  probably  consign  the 
bulbs  to  the  rubbish-heap. 

Though  never  so  brilliant  in  colour  as  L.  tenuifolium, 
which  it  somewhat  resembles,  though  a  much  taller  Lily,  L. 
callosum  will  often  produce  a  fine  head  of  a  good,  brick-red 
Turk's  Cap  blooms  not  quite  comparable  in  colour  to  any 
other  Lily. 

Growers  who  only  know  the  dull  red-flowered  form 
of  the  plant  may  take  heart,  for  Henry  discovered  L. 
callosum  in  the  Yangtse  gorges  some  years  since  and 
reported  the  flowers  as  a  brilliant  orange  colour. 

Unless  planted  in  light,  porous,  warm  soil,  L.  callosum 
cannot  be  relied  upon,  as,  being  a  late  bloomer,  the 
bulbs  go  to  rest  during  the  late  autumn  and  early  winter 
rains,  so  that  in  this  country  they  are  wet  when  they 
should  be  dry.  Needless  to  say,  this  Lily  requires  full 
sunshine. 

On  the  whole,  unless  one  can  be  sure  of  obtaining  the 
better-coloured  form,  and  leaving  the  door  open  for  the 
Yangtse  Lily  of  Henry,  the  opinion  may  be  expressed  that 
L.  callosum  is  the  least  interesting  of  the  species  of  Lilium 
found  in  Japan. 

L.  carolinianum. — This  species,  otherwise  known  as  L. 
Michauxii,  is  a  Lily  of  the  Southern  United  States,  being 
found  in  swampy  places  in  Carolina,  Louisiana,  and 
Florida ;  it  is  sometimes  said  to  be  a  southern  form  of  L. 
superbum  ;  and  while  the  bulb  is  nearer  that  species  than  to 


L.    CATESB^EI  83 

others,  there  are  interesting  points  of  difference  between  the 
two  in  foliage,  flower,  and  habit. 

The  Southern  Swamp  Lily  seldom  attains  a  height  of 
3  feet  or  bears  more  than  three  flowers  ;  to  a  great  extent 
it  resembles  those  of  L.  super  bum  and  yet  is  different ; 
the  segments  are  of  a  lighter  colour  and  not  nearly  so 
reflexed,  while  the  blooms  are  quite  fragrant,  and  there  is 
altogether  an  undefinable  air  about  this  Lily  not  easy  of  ex- 
pression. The  plant  may  fairly  be  described  as  uncertain, 
and  perhaps  it  is  not  fair  to  expect  a  Southerner  to  be  quite 
hardy  in  the  cold  parts  of  Great  Britain.  L.  carolinianum  is 
quite  worth  having,  provided  the  grower  is  interested  enough 
in  Lilies  to  attend  to  its  wants,  and  it  may  be  planted  under 
conditions  that  suit  L.  super  bum,  though  full  exposure  to 
sunshine  seems  to  suit  it  better  than  shade. 

L.  Catesbaei. — Catesby's  Lily,  L.  Catesbcei,  is  a  very  strik- 
ing little  plant  from  the  Southern  States  of  North  America, 
and  with  L.  philadelphicum  is  the  only  representative  of 
the  Isolirion  or  erect-flowered  Lilies  known  in  America. 

In  common  with  L.  candidum  it  grows  on  after  a 
short  resting  time,  and  for  that  reason,  coupled  with  the 
fact  that  it  comes  from  a  warm  climate,  is  liable  to  be  cut 
down  in  cold  weather,  so  that,  if  it  is  to  succeed  in  gardens 
away  from  the  South  and  West  Coasts,  it  needs  a  certain 
amount  of  coddling. 

The  small  bulb  is  unlike  that  of  any  other  Lily,  being 
made  up  of  a  few  rather  loose,  tapering  scales,  from  the  apex 
of  which  thin,  rush-like  leaves  appear.  The  life-history 
of  the  bulb  seems  to  be  very  much  that  of  L.  giganteum 
and  the  others  of  the  Cardiocrinum  section,  for  it  dies  away 
after  flowering,  and  the  Lily  is  not  a  true  perennial,  at  any 
rate  in  gardens.  The  bulbs  may  be  planted  5  inches  deep 


84     PRESENT-DAY   GARDENING 

in  full  exposure,  and  in  sandy  soil  with  moisture  below. 
Any  one  wishing  to  try  L.  Catesbcei  may  grow  it  over  a 
shallow  milk-pan  or  something  of  that  sort,  filled  with 
stones  and  sunk  about  10  inches  below  the  surface  of 
the  ground  ;  if  the  pan  is  kept  full  of  water,  which  can 
be  poured  down  a  short  piece  of  pipe,  the  roots  can  get 
down  into  it  while  the  little  bulbs  are  in  a  well-drained 
surface  soil. 

In  shape  the  usually  solitary  flower  is  not  unlike  L. 
davuricum,  though  the  colour  is  far  more  brilliant,  and 
there  is  a  slender  grace  about  the  plant  not  found  in  L. 
davuricum. 

L.  columbianum. — This  pretty  little  Martagon,  often 
known  as  the  Oregon  Lily,  is  a  native  of  that  State  and 
of  Washington  County ;  it  grows  at  low  elevations  in 
moist,  well-drained  ground. 

It  is  a  slender-growing  Lily  about  3  feet  high,  with 
the  leaves  arranged  true  Martagon  fashion  in  regular 
whorls,  and  with  five  or  six  golden  orange-coloured 
flowers  borne  in  graceful,  semi-pendulous  way  from  long 
pedicels  in  a  terminal  umbel. 

The  bulb,  flowers,  and  general  habit  of  L.  columbi- 
anum remind  one  very  much  of  L.  Humboldtii  in  minia- 
ture. For  some  reason  it  is  not  generally  found  over  easy 
to  establish  in  English  gardens,  but  once  settled  comfort- 
ably in  a  good  leafy-loam  with  drainage,  it  may  be  relied 
upon  to  prosper.  The  bulbs  may  be  planted  6  inches 
deep  in  full  sunshine. 

L.  cordifolium,  the  Heart-Leaved  Lily,  shares  with  L. 
giganteum  the  honour  of  having  a  subsection  of  the  genus 
Lilium  almost  to  itself,  for,  along  with  L.  mirabile,  a  Western 
Chinese  Lily  not  yet  in  cultivation,  the  two  go  to  form  the 


L.    CORDIFOLIUM  85 

section  Cardiocrinum.  It  is  sometimes  held  to  be  a  Japanese 
form  of  L.  giganteum,  and  an  examination  of  the  bulbs 
certainly  leads  to  the  conclusion  that  except  in  size  they 
are  much  alike.  That  they  may  be  the  same  Lily  altered  by 
centuries  of  geographical  and  climatic  differences  is  not  at 
all  impossible,  for  we  know  from  Henry  that  L.  giganteum 
is  recorded  as  far  east  as  Yunnan,  while  Elwes  records 
in  his  Monograph  that  the  Abbe"  David  found  a  form  of 
L.  cordifolium  in  the  Lushan  mountains,  and  that  Fortune 
reported  it  near  the  seaport  of  Ning  Po.  Western  China 
may  conceivably  yield  connecting  links  between  the  two 
plants. 

Whatever  the  relationship,  the  two  Lilies  are  very  dif- 
ferent in  their  behaviour  in  Great  Britain,  for  while  L. 
giganteum,  as  already  explained,  is  easy  to  manage,  L. 
cordifolium  does  itself  less  than  justice,  a  poor,  puny 
thing  rising  barely  3  feet  from  the  ground  and  with 
insignificant,  half-developed  flowers  ;  contrasting  strangely 
with  the  noble  growth  of  the  Lily  in  its  own  country.  In 
gardens  the  Lily  may  be  planted  8  or  9  inches  deep  in 
sandy  humus  ;  it  seems  to  prefer  a  little  shade. 

L.  Glehnii  is  considered  by  Elwes  as  a  Northern 
Japanese  form  of  L.  cordifolium^  and  behaves  in  our 
gardens  in  just  the  same  way  as  that  Lily.  Any  one  wish- 
ing to  see  what  it  is  capable  of  in  Japan  should  turn  to 
the  Gardeners'  Chronicle  of  January  7,  1905,  where  the 
Lily  is  figured  by  Elwes  about  a  foot  taller  than  the 
native  standing  by  the  side  of  it ;  from  this  photograph 
it  is  clear  that  in  this  Lily  the  leaves  do  not  cluster  round 
the  base  of  the  stem  as  in  L.  giganteum,  but  their  place  is 
taken  by  the  tall  grasses  amongst  which  this  Lily  grows. 

Though    both    L.    cordifolium    and    Glehnii    are    poor 


86     PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

things  as  we  see  them  in  flower  in  our  gardens,  the  young 
growth  of  each,  when  it  first  sees  the  light  of  day  in  spring, 
is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  things  in  nature  :  wrapped 
on  itself  as  tightly  as  the  umbrella  of  a  Piccadilly  dandy, 
the  first  leaf  pushes  its  way  out  of  the  crust  of  the  earth 
for  all  the  world  like  a  solid  stem,  to  uncurl,  in  a  few  days, 
very  much  as  does  the  Canadian  Bloodroot,  showing  the 
beautiful  deep  red  of  the  veined  leaf ;  as  the  leaf  rises 
higher  and  higher  out  of  the  earth,  the  colour  gradually 
changes,  till,  when  fully  developed,  the  deep  red  of  its  birth 
has  given  place  to  a  bright,  glossy  green  exquisitely  netted. 

L.  Humboldtii. — Though  a  veritable  giant  among  the 
Lilies  of  the  more  northerly  ranges  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
mountains,  L.  Humboldtii  is  usually  content,  when  grown 
in  Great  Britain,  to  be  shorn  of  much  of  its  stature  and 
remain  more  or  less  dwarfed.  It  is  eminently  a  Lily  for  the 
specialist,  and  may  be  passed  over  in  favour  of  the  more 
robust  variety  hailing  from  the  mountains  of  Southern 
California  and  known  as  L.  Humboldtii  magniftcum,  as  easy 
to  manage  as  the  other  is  difficult,  but  still  perhaps  hardly 
obliging  enough  to  be  entitled  to  rank  as  an  easily-grown 
Lily  ;  it  is  not  hardy  in  the  broad  sense,  for  cold  that 
will  convert  the  bulb  of  L.  tigrinum,  for  instance,  into  a 
frozen  ball  without  any  ill  effects,  would  be  fatal  to  L.  H. 
magniftcum.  It  is  necessary,  therefore,  to  guard  against  that 
contingency. 

Quite  commonly  growing  5  feet  high,  and  sometimes 
even  six,  the  stout,  red-brown  stems  carry  their  beautifully 
reflexed  blooms  very  much  as  the  Panther  Lily  does,  on 
long  pedicels  ;  the  individual  flowers,  in  shape  like  a  much- 
enlarged  pardalinum,  are  an  indescribable  combination  of 
orange,  red,  and  gold,  thickly  covered  with  purple  spots 


L.  JAPONICUM  87 

which  give  them  a  very  bizarre  appearance,  so  that  at  a 
distance  they  resemble  some  huge,  gaudy  butterfly. 

L.  Bloomerianum  is  a  still  more  southern  form  of 
L.  Humboldtii,  neither  so  stately  nor  so  attractive  as  the 
variety  magnificum,  though  about  as  simple  to  manage. 

L.  Humboldtii  and  the  varieties  may  be  planted  about 
9  inches  deep  in  a  free,  very  gritty  loam,  the  bulbs  well 
drained  ;  like  all  Californian  Lilies  it  should  be  grown  in  full 
sunshine.  The  plant  is  not  a  lime-hater,  and,  according  to 
Purdy,  the  only  effect  an  excess  of  lime  has  on  this  Lily 
is  to  turn  the  leaves  a  very  light  colour — almost  white, 
in  fact. 

L.  japonicum  (see  Plate  VIII). — For  more  than  twenty 
years  after  it  was  sent  to  this  country  in  the  seventies  by 
Mr.  Kramer  for  distribution  by  Wallace,  L.  japonicum,  so 
often  called  Krameri,  held  undisputed  sway  as  the  only 
pink-flowered  Lily  known  to  gardens,  and  it  was  not  till 
L.  rubellum  appeared  that  the  monopoly  of  Kramer's  Lily 
came  to  an  end. 

In  cultivation,  L.  japonicum  is  fastidious  to  a  degree  and 
by  no  means  easy  to  keep  ;  indeed  in  this  respect  one  may 
almost  place  it  with  L.  Leichtlinii  in  a  class  to  themselves, 
and  advise  no  one  to  bother  with  them  who  is  not  prepared 
to  battle  unceasingly  with  each. 

For  the  reasons  explained  in  the  paragraph  on  L.  ru- 
bellum, imported  bulbs  of  L.  japonicum  are  seldom  of  much 
permanent  use,  though  often  enough  producing  a  flower  or 
two  the  first  year,  before  perishing,  and  the  grower's  only 
hope  lies  in  raising  L.  japonicum  from  seed  :  he  may  the 
more  easily  do  this,  as  if  two  or  three  imported  bulbs  are 
potted  up  and  put  in  a  sunny  place  seed  is  almost  sure  to 
ripen,  and  will  usually  germinate  the  second  season. 


88      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

The  wild  Lily  comes  from  the  central  part  of  Nippon, 
and  is  found  on  the  hillsides  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Osaka 
and  Shizuoka  Ken  ;  the  habitat  of  the  Lily  is  very  similar 
to  that  of  L.  rubellum,  but  the  soil  in  which  it  grows  is  more 
intermixed  with  sand. 

In  this  country  one  may  grow  it  in  places  that  suit 
L.  rubellum,  planting  the  bulb — seldom  as  large  as  an 
egg — 8  or  9  inches  deep  on  very  quick  drainage  and 
keeping  the  winter  rains  off  as  much  as  possible ;  it  is 
an  early  Lily,  and  the  bulbs  should  be  in  the  ground  by 
September. 

As  seen  in  gardens  L.  japonicum  is  seldom  robust,  and 
one  sometimes  wonders  how  the  slender,  rather  low-grow- 
ing stem  is  able  to  support  the  four  or  five  flowers  the  Lily 
will  bear  when  in  happy  circumstances. 

The  flowers  on  different  plants  vary  in  colour  from  a 
faint  blush  to  deep  pink,  and  there  is  a  white  form  which  is 
not  often  seen. 

Of  varieties  of  L.  japonicum,  L.  Colchester ense  is  often 
met  with  under  the  name  of  L.  Brownii  odorum ;  it  is  a 
very  satisfactory  Lily  and  one  of  the  most  prolific  plants 
imaginable  in  production  of  bulb  and  stem  offsets. 

There  seems  a  good  deal  of  doubt  as  to  the  origin  of 
this  Lily,  which  was  introduced  to  modern  cultivation  by 
Dr.  Wallace,  who  stoutly  maintained  that  it  had  no  connec- 
tion with  L.  Brownii  and  was  a  variety  of  L.  japonicum. 

The  foliage  is  coarser  and  shorter  than  in  L.  Brownii, 
while  the  flowers  are  less  funnelled  ;  on  the  whole  the  plant 
has  not  the  slender  grace  of  L.  Brownii,  and  the  chocolate 
colouring  of  the  outside  of  the  petals  is  less  marked,  but  for 
all  that  is  well  worth  growing,  and  most  gardeners  will  find 
it  easier  to  manage  than  the  type. 


PLATE   VII 
L.   JAPONICUM 

(Usually  known  in  gardens  as  L.  Krameri) 
(See  p.  87.) 


L.    KELLOGGII  91 

L.  Alexandra  is  still  very  rare  ;  it  comes  from  the  island 
Oshima,  one  of  the  group  of  the  Liukiu  islands  south  of 
Kiushiu;  whence  also  comes  L.  longiflorum  formosanum; 
the  flower  is  large  and  pure  white,  with  just  a  shading  of 
green  and  gold  at  the  base,  and  is  a  really  beautiful  thing. 
Though  new  to  Western  gardens  L.  Alexandra  is  figured 
in  a  curious  little  Japanese  book  of  plants  called  Zoho- 
Chikin-Sho  published  in  1710 ;  the  illustration  shows  a 
solitary  upright  flowered  lily,  and  it  has  bloomed  in  similar 
fashion  in  the  author's  garden  ;  with  some  protection  in 
winter  it  may  be  grown  outside  by  those  who  can  manage 
L.  longiflorum  formosanum. 

L.  Kelloggii.— In  L.  Kelloggii  we  have  a  Lily  quite  new 
to  cultivation,  for  it  was  only  discovered  a  few  years  ago  by 
that  indefatigable  collector  Mr.  Purdy,  and,  though  figuring 
in  the  catalogues,  is  yet  hardly  known  to  gardens.  It  is  a 
charming  little  Lily,  and  a  true  Martagon  both  in  foliage  and 
flower. 

It  is  doing  martagon  album  no  injustice  to  say  that  it 
may  turn  its  head  when  L.  Kelloggii  is  in  bloom,  for  imagine 
the  white  Martagon  more  slender  in  growth,  less  formal  and 
stiff,  with  its  white  Turk's  Caps  deepening  till  the  white 
becomes  pink  and  that  in  turn  gives  place  to  a  rich  wine 
colour,  and  you  have  L.  Kelloggii. 

Martagon  album  may  take  comfort,  however,  for  L. 
Kelloggii  needs  a  deal  of  managing  in  our  climate  :  sharp 
drainage  it  must  have  and  a  loose,  very  gritty,  leafy  soil ; 
the  bulbs  may  be  planted  about  9  or  10  inches  deep. 
The  plant  ripens  seed  and  it  germinates  quickly ;  it  is 
not  unreasonable  to  suppose  that  home-raised  seedlings 
may  prove  more  amenable  to  cultivation  in  their  adopted 
country  than  their  parents. 


92      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

L.  Leichtlinii  is  at  once  the  joy  and  despair  of  the 
enthusiast,  and  one  uses  the  word  advisedly,  because  far 
more  than  the  usual  meed  of  patience  is  needed  to  enable 
one  to  wrestle  successfully  with  this  exceptionally  way- 
ward Lily  ;  victory,  however,  will  come  to  the  determined 
gardener. 

First  recorded  forty  years  ago  by  Maximowicz,  who 
found  it  in  the  woods  round  about  the  base  of  Fusi-Yarna, 
L.  Leichtlinii  has  never  taken  kindly  to  cultivation  in 
English  gardens,  and  though  it  comes  and  goes  in  some 
places,  few  are  the  people  who  can  cultivate  it  for  long. 

The  stem  of  L.  Leichtlinii  creeps  about  underground, 
sometimes  for  as  much  as  a  foot,  before  breaking  through 
the  earth,  and  whatever  the  cause,  the  peculiarity  is  of  great 
use  to  the  cultivator,  for  small  bulbs  form  on  the  horizontal 
stem,  and  in  the  absence  of  seed  help  materially  in  keeping 
up  the  stock. 

More  of  a  real  child  of  the  woods  than  most  of  her 
sisters  of  Japan,  Leichtlin's  Lily  is  probably  best  planted  in 
this  country  where  the  flowers  may  receive  nearly  if  not 
quite  all  the  sunshine,  as  it  blooms  late  in  the  season,  and 
the  buds  are  often  chary  of  opening  when  growing  in  the 
shade. 

This  is  one  of  the  few  Japanese  Lilies  that  has  not 
answered  more  or  less  readily  to  the  call  of  the  gardener, 
and,  do  what  one  will,  there  seems  little  hope  of  ever  having 
L.  Leichtlinii  so  fine  in  our  gardens  as  the  species  appears 
in  nature. 

Though  classed  as  a  Martagon,  there  is  little  of  the  Turk's 
Cap  about  the  beautiful,  citron-coloured  flowers  with  their 
irregular  outlines  and  purple  spots,  three  or  four  of  them 
borne  on  a  slender  stem  usually  less  than  a  yard  high,  the 


L.    LEICHTLINII  93 

whole  conveying  an  indefinable  impression  that  one  has  to 
do  with  a  plant  of  rare  quality. 

As  to  the  cultivation,  Leichtlin  himself  has  left  it  on 
record  that :  "  Lilium  Leichtlinii  requires  a  little  more  atten- 
tion than  her  sisters  of  Japan,  and  does  not  bear  potting, 
because  it  is  her  nature  to  strike  out  underground  roots 
which  can  only  expand  and  grow  and  develop  in  perfect 
liberty  ;  as  she  loves  '  coolth '  and  not  much  dryness,  one 
must  take  care  that  the  soil  in  which  she  is  planted  gets 
only  a  little  sun  ;  on  which  account  one  plants  her  by 
preference  in  Rhododendron  beds  ;  with  regard  to  the  soil, 
good  English  sandy  peat  should  be  used,  and  take  care  that 
the  water  can  drain  off  properly.  In  her  fatherland  she  is 
found  only  in  the  woods,  and  there  but  rarely.  The  earth 
in  which  you  plant  her  must  not  be  sieved  but  torn  into 
little  pieces  with  the  hands,  and  then  the  coarse  and  the 
fine  used  together/' 

To  this  may  be  added  that  the  Rhododendrons  must,  of 
course,  be  dwarf,  and  that  many  other  shrubs  will  do  as 
well,  Leichtlin's  object  being  to  protect  the  ground  about 
the  stem-roots  from  becoming  parched.  The  bulbs  are 
about  the  size  of  a  small  Tangerine  orange,  and  may  be 
planted  about  8  inches  deep,  never  in  soil  containing  lime, 
and  invariably  with  sharp  drainage. 

L.  longiflorum. — Forced  under  glass  and  sold  in  florists' 
shops  by  thousands,  every  one  is  familiar  with  this  most 
beautiful  Lily  which,  while  grown  in  many  gardens,  belongs 
to  a  large  order  of  plants  hovering  on  the  edge  of  that  bottom- 
less pit  into  which  every  year  are  consigned  so  many  of  the 
gardeners'  hopes  along  with  scores  of  good  things  labelled 
"  Hardy  only  in  favoured  gardens." 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  those  who  succeed  with  the  Cali- 


94     PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

fornian  Lilies  should  be  able  to  grow  L.  longiflorum,  or  the 
"  Gun  Lily  "  as  it  is  called  in  Japan  on  account  of  the  great 
length  of  the  flower  trumpet.  The  main  considerations  are 
drainage,  protection  of  the  bulb  from  excessive  cold  and  of 
the  young  stem-growth  against  spring  frosts,  cold  winds, 
and  snowstorms.  The  first  is  easily  managed  by  planting 
the  bulbs  in  free  soil  on  an  inverted  pot,  while  damage  by 
cold  to  either  bulb  or  stem  is  provided  against  by  planting 
the  Lily  in  a  thick,  dwarf,  evergreen  undergrowth  :  in  hard 
weather  the  ground  under  the  sheltering  shrubs  should  be 
well  covered  with  leaves. 

If  these  points  are  attended  to  and  general  care  exercised, 
the  Lily  will  flower  in  the  open,  though  not  as  a  rule  in  such 
brave  fashion  as  when  grown  in  the  greenhouse. 

Of  the  many  varieties  L.  I.  giganteum  is  stronger  than 
most,  but  the  bulb  has  an  exasperating  trick  of  splitting  up 
into  several  smaller  bulbs  just  when  you  think  the  Lily  has 
arrived  at  the  flowering  stage.  Both  L.  I.  Takeshna  and 
L.  I.  Wilsonii  are  good  plants,  the  former  more  or  less  ap- 
proaching L.  Brownii  in  the  dark  colouring  of  the  exterior 
of  the  trumpet,  and  the  latter  a  dwarfer  form  with  enormous 
flowers,  sometimes  as  much  as  5  inches  across,  and  very 
beautiful :  it  is,  too,  more  hardy  than  most. 

Other  sorts  are  L.  I.  Harrisii,  the  cultivation  of  which  in 
Bermuda  has  reached  enormous  proportions,  bringing  in  its 
train,  as  so  often  happens,  a  diseased  condition  of  the  bulbs 
which  has  of  late  years  reached  such  a  point  that,  unless 
the  growers  put  their  houses  in  order,  the  industry  must 
inevitably  be  ruined. 

Indeed,  fresh  and  healthy  stocks  of  this  Lily  are  being 
raised  in  South  Africa  and  elsewhere,  and  must  soon  take 
the  place  of  the  plants  grown  in  Bermuda.  Another  beau- 


L.   LONGIFLORUM  95 

tiful  variety  has  white  margins  to  the  leaves,  and  is  known 
as  foliis  albo-marginatis. 

But  the  best  of  all  is  the  form  sent  to  the  author  some 
years  ago  by  Mr.  Alfred  Unger  of  Yokohama  as  var.  Liukiu- 
ensis  from  Amami  Oshima,  one  of  the  group  of  Liukiu 
islands  south  of  Kiushiu,  and  which  is  identical  with  the 
Lily  the  Japanese  are  beginning  to  export  in  large  quantities 
as  L.  1.  formosanum.  It  was  collected  for  Messrs.  Jas.  Veitch 
and  Sons  as  far  back  as  1880,  but  for  some  reason  has  not 
been  cultivated  commercially  until  recently. 

The  Liukiu  islands  are  between  24'  and  23'  of  north 
latitude ;  frost  and  sriow  are  unknown  there,  and  it  would 
not  be  reasonable  to  expect  any  plant  coming  thence  to  be 
hardy  ;  but  this  Lily  is  cultivated,  so  Mr.  Unger  informs  the 
author,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Tokyo  and  Yokohama, 
where  night  frosts  are  frequent  in  winter,  and,  moreover,  it 
has  proved  hardy  in  the  author's  garden  for  the  last  three 
winters  without  any  protection.  It  is  almost  evergreen,  and 
it  evidently  has  a  splendid  constitution  which  has  not  yet 
been  undermined  by  the  Japanese  methods  of  cultivation, 
though,  if  they  grow  it  in  their  nurseries  where  L.  auratum 
is  grown,  there  seems  but  faint  hope  that  the  bulbs  can 
escape  the  fungus  disease  to  which  cultivated  Japanese  bulbs 
are  prone.  The  variety  increases  rapidly  at  the  bulb,  ripens 
seed  freely,  and  this  germinates  quickly.  It  is  in  every 
way  a  fine  modern  plant. 

Though  L.  longiflorum  is  cultivated  extensively  in  Japan, 
it  is  not  known  positively  ever  to  have  been  a  wild  plant 
of  that  country,  but  is  known  to  be  indigenous  to  certain 
parts  of  China  :  more  than  one  of  the  Lilies  already  reported 
from  Western  China  appear  to  be  intermediate  between 
L.  longiflorum  and  L.  Brownii,  and  it  would  occasion  no 


96      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

great  surprise  if  it  transpires  that  that  wonderfully  prolific 
country  is  the  natural  home  of  L.  longiflorum. 

L.  longiflorum  is  best  planted  9  or  10  inches  deep  in 
full  exposure  in  a  free,  well-drained  soil ;  it  may  be  grown 
in  ground  containing  lime,  but  it  is  best  in  leafy  soil  which 
is  free  from  lime. 

L.  maritimum. — That  L.  maritimum  is  a  fickle  jade  none 
who  grows  it  will  deny,  and  a  consideration  of  the  conditions 
under  which  it  flourishes  on  the  Pacific  coast  may  go  some 
way  to  explain  why  it  is  so  many  fail  with  this  charming  Lily. 

According  to  Purdy,  L.  maritimum  grows  on  the  coast- 
line of  North-West  California,  never  far  inland  ;  in  that 
part  of  the  world  the  climate  provides  abundant  winter 
rains  and  frequent  summer  fogs,  and  the  Maritime  Lily  is  to 
be  found  at  its  best  in  peat-bogs  where  the  fog  often  hides 
the  sun  for  weeks  in  the  summer  and  the  moisture  drips 
from  everything. 

Though  sharing  with  L.  Roezlii  the  distinction  of  being  a 
true  bog  Lily,  this  does  not  of  course  mean  that  the  bulb 
itself  is  in  the  bog — for  no  true  Lily  will  stand  stagnant 
moisture — but  that  the  seed  has  dropped  and  germinated 
on  some  hummock  well  above  water-level,  where  the  bulb 
may  be  comparatively  dry,  while  the  roots  can  suck  up  all 
the  water  they  need. 

In  his  wildest  dreams  the  grower  of  Lilies  cannot  hope 
to  have  L.  maritimum  5  or  6  feet  high  and  with  a  dozen  or 
more  flowers,  as  in  these  bogs  of  the  Pacific  coast,  and  if  in 
the  ordinary  way  he  can  coax  it  into  growing  a  yard  high 
with  five  or  six  of  its  semi-drooping,  little  crimson  bells,  he 
may  consider  himself  lucky. 

Those  whose  gardens  include  a  peat-bog  may  be  more 
successful  than  most  with  L.  maritimum,  and  others  will 


L.    MAXIMOWICZII  97 

be  well  advised  to  try  this  captivating  little  Lily  in  places 
where  L.  Parry i  succeeds,  doing  their  best  to  keep  the  sub- 
soil moist  and  the  top  dry. 

The  bulbs,  which  are  small,  may  be  planted  6  inches 
deep,  and  they  should  be  protected  from  frost  by  some 
dwarf  evergreen  overgrowth. 

L.  Maximowiczii  (see  Plate  V). — Though  usually  con- 
sidered a  variety  of  the  Tiger  Lily  and  often  referred  to  as 
L.  pseudo-tigrinum,  there  seem  good  reasons,  into  which  it 
is  not  necessary  to  enter  here,  for  regarding  this  Lily  as  a 
natural  hybrid  between  L.  Leichtlinii  and  L.  tigrinum ;  the 
flower  is  nothing  but  a  red  Leichtlinii,  and  indeed  the  plant 
is  sold  as  such  by  the  Japanese  merchants. 

Taking  it  all  round,  it  may  fairly  be  described  as  a  fine 
Lily  of  slender  and  graceful  growth,  though  rather  doubtful 
constitution.  It  is  easy  to  grow,  but  not  to  keep — a  very 
different  thing — and  should  be  planted  8  inches  deep  in 
woodland  soil  without  a  trace  of  lime  in  it ;  it  likes  a  little 
rest  from  the  sun.  The  author  has  no  record  of  L.  Maxi- 
mowiczii ripening  seed  in  this  country.  Slugs  are  very 
partial  to  this  Lily. 

In  Elwes'  Monograph  this  Lily  has  three  varieties 
assigned  to  it — var.  Bakeri,  var.  Regelii,  and  pseudo-tigrinum 
— but  these  are  not  apparently  in  cultivation  in  English 
gardens. 

L.  occidentale  is  described  by  Purdy  as  a  brilliant 
Lily  with  the  habit  of  L.  maritimum  but  with  the  flowers 
more  revolute  than  in  that  species.  Like  L.  maritimum  it  is 
a  Lily  of  the  Californian  coast,  and  is  found  growing  further 
north  than  the  other.  According  to  Purdy,  the  bulbs  of 
each  Lily  are  identical,  and  further  consideration  may  perhaps 
show  that  the  two  are  geographical  varieties  of  one  species. 

G 


98      PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

L.  Parry i  (see  Plate  IV). — "A  noble  Lily,  native  of  the 
high  mountains  of  Southern  California  and  of  Arizona,  where 
at  6000  to  10,000  feet  it  grows  under  exactly  the  same  con- 
ditions as  L.  parvum  is  found  farther  north  :  at  the  higher 
altitudes  it  is  a  dwarfed  plant  a  foot  or  two  high  and  one 
or  two  flowered,  with  a  small  bulb  ;  there  it  is  in  granitic 
sand  mixed  with  leaf-mould  in  moist  flats  or  along  the  cold 
streams. 

"  Lower  down  it  is  confined  to  the  banks  of  large  streams 
of  rich,  moist  flats  ;  it  is  at  its  best  where  the  stream  has 
thrown  up  a  deep  alluvial  deposit  of  sand,  silt,  grit,  leaves, 
and  charcoal,  where  it  develops  into  a  noble  plant  5  or  6 
feet  high  and  is  many-flowered."  (Purdy.) 

Those  who  have  seen  this  Lily  luxuriating  in  the  garden 
of  some  tireless  enthusiast  know  well  that  Purdy  does  not 
exaggerate  when  he  speaks  of  L.  Parry  i  as  a  noble  plant, 
for  such  in  truth  it  is,  in  cultivation  occasionally  rising  to 
splendours  undreamt  of  in  its  native  hills. 

In  The  Garden  of  Nov.  17,  1900,  there  is  an  account 
of  a  specimen  in  the  garden  of  Capt.  Savile  Reid  at  Yalding, 
which  bore  no  fewer  than  thirty-nine  blooms  on  a  stem 
6  feet  high,  and  the  fact  that  Capt.  Reid  has  since  lost 
the  plant  need  not  deter  others  from  trying  to  follow 
his  example,  for  what  is  possible  in  one  case  is  so  in 
many. 

If  Purdy's  account  of  the  conditions  under  which 
L.  Parryi  grows  in  nature  is  read  carefully,  it  will  help 
growers  to  a  right  understanding  of  the  requirements 
of  the  plant,  the  chief  essential  being  a  very  porous  but 
rich  soil  with  moisture  below  the  bulb,  and  very  sharp 
drainage. 

What  fisherman  amongst  us  could  not  go,  in  his  mind's 


L.    PARRYI  99 

eye,  straight  to  one  of  his  favourite  streams  in  the  North 
or  West  Country,  and  there  in  some  little  bay  or  sheltered 
bend,  thrown  up  by  countless  floods  and  well  above  ordinary 
stream  level,  show  you  a  bank  of  the  soil  described  so  clearly 
by  Mr.  Purdy  ? 

Few  growers  of  Lilies  ever  seem  to  be  blessed  with 
exactly  the  soil  they  need  for  all  their  plants,  and  in  nine 
cases  out  of  ten  it  will  be  necessary  for  the  man  who  would 
succeed  with  L.  Parryi  to  make  special  preparations  for  it. 
The  Lily  will  probably  fail  when  the  summer  is  either  ex- 
ceptionally dry  or  the  winter  very  wet,  unless  the  grower  can 
get  water  to  the  subsoil  in  one  or  other  of  the  several  ways 
which  will  no  doubt  occur  to  him,  and  at  the  same  time 
arrange  for  drainage  for  the  bulb  ;  if  both  these  important 
points  are  attended  to  all  should  go  well. 

Imported  bulbs  of  L.  Parryi  are  very  liable  to  decay, 
and,  like  imported  Japanese  bulbs,  should  be  potted  up 
for  the  first  season  and  not  put  into  the  ground  till  they 
have  been  proved  to  be  sound  and  well  rooted. 

L.  Parryi  usually  ripens  seed,  and  though  it  occasion- 
ally lies  dormant  for  a  season,  seed  may  usually  be  relied 
upon  to  germinate  the  second  year. 

The  climate  of  southern  California  is  a  good  deal  hotter 
than  ours  and  has  no  winter ;  this  no  doubt  is  the  reason 
why  L.  Parryi  will  not  bear  frost,  and  it  is  well  to  plant  the 
bulbs  about  8  inches  deep,  taking  care  to  keep  off  unusual 
cold  in  winter.  The  sweetly  fragrant  flowers  are  variable 
in  colour,  the  variations  being  very  much  the  same  as  in  L. 
monadelphum.  L.  Parryi  seems  to  do  best  in  this  country 
if  planted  in  full  sun,  the  ground  about  the  roots  being 
carefully  shaded. 

L.  polyphyllum. — Though    reported    as   in   cultivation 


ioo     PRESENT-DAY   GARDENING 

now  and  again,  and  at  one  time  grown  by  Wilson,  L.  poly- 
phyllum  is  almost  a  stranger  to  the  gardens  of  Great  Britain, 
and  seems  likely  to  remain  so  till  some  enthusiast,  with 
more  success  than  most  in  raising  seedlings,  is  in  a  position 
to  distribute  home-raised  bulbs.  It  is  distinct  in  bulb  and 
flower  from  any  other  Lily  known  to  botanists,  and  is  the 
only  Martagon  so  far  reported  in  the  Himalayas. 

Though  reflexed,  the  flowers  are  not  true  Turk's  Caps, 
the  perianth  being  longer  and  more  tubular  than  in  any 
other  Martagon  ;  the  colour  is  a  creamy-white  with  a  faint 
suspicion  of  yellow,  beautifully  besprinkled  with  narrow, 
linear  dots  of  purple  colour.  The  bulb  is  distinct,  and 
once  seen  cannot  be  confused  with  any  other ;  it  may 
roughly  be  described  as  a  very  elongated  tenuifolium  of 
small  diameter. 

Having  lost  his  bulbs  more  than  once,  the  author  is 
not  in  a  position  to  offer  any  remarks  on  the  cultivation 
of  L.  polyphyllum  in  gardens,  beyond  observing  that  a  deep 
bed  of  sweet,  sandy  humus  overlying  well-drained,  stony 
ground  seems  likely  to  suit  it  better  than  anything  else. 

L.  rubellum. — It  is  barely  twelve  years  since  L.  rubel- 
lum  first  made  its  bow  to  a  delighted  world  of  horticul- 
turists, and,  by  its  more  accommodating  ways  and  obliging 
habit  of  ripening  seed  profusely,  put  heart  into  the  many 
to  whom  its  prototype,  L.  japonicum,  had  been  such  a 
trial  of  skill  and  patience. 

Though  one  hears  of  rumours  of  L.  rubellum  having 
become  established  here  and  there,  it  cannot  in  truth 
be  said  to  be  in  any  sense  an  easy  Lily  to  keep,  and  its 
constitution  is  hardly  sufficiently  strong  to  enable  one 
to  say  it  is  ever  likely  to  become  really  acclimatised  in 
England. 


L.    RUBELLUM  101 

L.  rubellum  comes  from  the  province  of  Iwashiro  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  main  island  of  Nippon  ;  it  grows 
there  in  half-shady  places  under  trees  and  shrubs,  coming 
up  out  of  the  grasses,  as  do  most  of  the  woodland  Lilies  of 
Japan.  The  soil  in  which  it  grows  is  a  rather  stiff,  reddish 
loam  inclining  to  clay  overlaid  with  humus  and  with  very 
sharp  natural  drainage  ;  winter  frosts  are  very  severe  in 
that  country,  but  rubellum  takes  no  more  account  of  cold 
than  do  most  of  the  Japanese  species. 

The  cultural  directions  given  by  nurserymen  and  others 
for  this  Lily  vary  to  such  an  extraordinary  degree  that 
the  amateur  may  well  be  excused  if  he  feels  some  embar- 
rassment in  deciding  whose  advice  he  may  best  follow, 
and  ends  up  by  experimenting  for  himself ;  and  if,  instead 
of  using  imported  bulbs,  he  is  able  to  start  his  experiment 
with  those  grown  in  this  country  from  seed,  his  battle 
with  this  rather  capricious  Lily  will  be  half  won  almost 
before  it  has  begun,  and  for  the  following  reason. 

L.  rubellum  is  one  of  the  first  Lilies  to  flower  in 
Japan,  and  blooms  in  May ;  in  due  course  the  bulbs  are 
harvested  and  are  ready  for  export  by  the  end  of  July ; 
yet  in  the  ordinary  way  they  seldom  reach  England  till 
about  Christmas  time,  having  to  wait  until  the  general 
season  for  exporting  Lilies  arrives. 

The  result  is  that  a  Lily  with  none  too  strong  a  con- 
stitution, and  which  ought  to  be  in  the  ground  at  the 
beginning  of  September  so  that  it  may  at  least  have  the 
opportunity  of  sending  out  roots  and  making  itself  as  com- 
fortable as  possible  before  winter  begins  in  earnest,  has  to 
bear  an  enforced  resting  time  of  at  least  four  months  more 
than  it  has  in  Nature  ;  and  as  if  that  were  not  enough, 
the  arrival  in  England  of  L.  rubellum  is  timed  so  that  it 


102     PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 

has  to  be  planted  at  the  worst  possible  season  of  the  year 
when  the  earth  is  in  its  coldest  and  most  inhospitable 
condition. 

Is  it  to  be  wondered  at  that,  out  of  the  many  bulbs 
imported,  only  a  few  make  a  half-hearted  attempt  to  show 
how  much  better  they  might  be  under  more  favourable 
circumstances  ? 

L.  rubellum  seeds  so  freely  that  there  is  no  difficulty 
in  raising  a  stock,  and  assuming  that  the  grower  has  a 
supply  of  seedlings  of  a  size  suitable  for  planting  out, 
he  will  be  well  advised  to  proceed  as  he  does  in  the  case 
of  L.  speciosum,  though  paying  even  greater  attention  to 
the  drainage  of  the  bulb,  and  giving  L.  rubellum  more 
in  the  way  of  shade  to  temper  the  heat  of  the  June  sun 
to  the  delicate  flower. 

If  for  any  reason  he  cannot  obtain  home-grown  bulbs 
and  has  to  employ  those  sent  from  Japan,  let  him  first 
pot  them  up  for  a  season,  as  advised  in  the  case  of  L. 
auratum. 

Usually  seen  about  i\  feet  high  and  with  one  or  two 
blooms,  L.  rubellum  is  capable  of  greater  things,  and 
when  well  grown  it  will  stand  more  than  a  yard  high, 
in  habit  not  unlike  a  miniature  auratum,  and  proudly 
bearing  half-a-dozen  of  the  lovely  pink  trumpets,  almost 
more  than  the  slender  stem  can  carry  without  support. 

L.  sulphureum. — This  is  one  of  four  species  known  in 
Burma,  where  it  is  found  in  the  Shan  States  on  the  borders 
of  China  ;  it  is  the  only  one  of  the  four — L.  sulphureum, 
L.  Lowii,  L.  nepalense,  and  L.  primulinum — which  at  pre- 
sent can  lay  any  claim  to  consideration  as  a  hardy  plant 
in  England,  though  it  is  possible  that  the  L.  Lowii  and 
L.  nepalense  found  by  Henry  at  elevations  of  5000-7000  feet 


PLATE  VIII 

L.    PARRY  I 

(See  p.  98.) 


L.    SULPHUREUM  105 

near  Mengtse,  close  to  the  frontier  of  Tonkin,  may  even- 
tually prove  tougher  than  their  Burmese  prototypes,  and 
as  hardy  in  our  gardens  as  L.  leucanthum  from  the  same 
region. 

Like  many  plants  from  that  part  of  the  world,  L.  sul- 
phureum  seems  to  grow  at  its  best  in  gardens  in  a  deep 
leaf-mould  with  ample  moisture  below  the  bulb.  It  is 
almost  the  last  of  the  Lilies  to  flower  out-of-doors,  and  for 
that  reason  should  be  given  full  exposure  to  the  sun,  among 
shrubs  of  medium  growth,  such,  for  instance,  as  Cistus 
ladaniferus,  Cornus  Kousa,  or  Styrax  japonica,  through 
which  the  stems  can  push  their  way  ;  for  L.  sulphur eum 
will  often  grow  at  least  a  couple  of  yards  high,  and,  if  not 
supported,  the  weight  of  the  three  or  four  immense,  white, 
gold-dusted  trumpets,  larger  than  L.  longiflorum  and  borne 
in  an  umbel  on  the  tip  of  the  stem,  is  almost  more  than 
it  can  bear,  especially  if  caught  by  a  gust  of  wind  or 
a  heavy  thunder  shower.  The  bulbs  may  be  planted  9 
inches  deep. 

L.  sulphureum  is  easily  propagated  by  means  of  the 
axillary  bulbils  with  which  the  stems  are  usually  plentifully 
endowed,  and  which  should  be  removed  and  grown  on 
separately ;  it  has  much  in  common  with  L.  leucanthum. 

L.  Wallichianum. — Wallich's  Lily  is  found  in  the 
Kumaon  district  of  the  Himalayas,  where  it  grows 
in  deep  decayed  vegetable  soil  overlying  porous  stony 
ground  on  the  slopes  of  hot,  damp  valleys,  rearing  its 
fine,  tall  stem  out  of  a  dense  undergrowth  into  the  full 
blaze  of  the  sun. 

It  is  often  shrouded  in  dense  mists  for  days  together, 
and  as  the  temperature  of  these  Himalayan  valleys  is  from 
120°  to  130°  Fahr.,  it  is  doubtful  if  this  Lily  can  ever 


io6     PRESENT-DAY   GARDENING 

become  acclimatised  in  Great  Britain,  for  while  the  bulb 
has  probably  nothing  to  fear  in  the  way  of  frost,  the  absence 
of  the  almost  tropical  moist  summer  heat  of  the  Himalayas 
must  be  a  sore  trial,  especially  to  a  Lily  which  flowers  so 
late  as  L.  Wallichianum.  It  is  probable  that  the  bulbs 
seldom  if  ever  ripen  properly  in  gardens,  and  though  not  so 
tender  as  some,  this  Lily  is  best  grown  under  glass. 

The  bulbs  are  a  deep  brown  colour,  and  may  always  be 
distinguished  by  the  curiously  serrated  edges  of  the  scales. 

L.  Washingtonianum. — By  introducing  this  magnificent 
Lily  to  cultivation,  Leichtlin  has  earned  the  undying  grati- 
tude of  generations  of  Lily  lovers  ;  would  that  at  the  same 
time  he  had  given  them  the  key  to  its  successful  cultivation 
in  English  gardens,  for  then  their  debt  to  him  would  have 
been  all  the  greater. 

In  one  form  or  another  scattered  over  nearly  the  whole 
of  California  and  Oregon,  in  some  places  growing  at  an 
elevation  of  seven  or  eight  thousand  feet  and  in  others  no 
more  than  as  many  hundreds,  even  here  and  there  found 
in  cornfields,  L.  Washingtonianum  ought,  one  would  think, 
to  thrive  in  some  parts  of  Great  Britain  ;  and  yet  how 
seldom  it  is  seen  doing  really  well. 

The  fact  seems  to  be  that,  though  not  exactly  a  tender 
Lily  in  the  sense  that  some  of  the  sub-tropical  species  of 
Burma  are,  L.  Washingtonianum  is  a  little  less  than  hardy 
and  needs  a  good  deal  more  coddling  than  most  Californian 
Lilies  ;  for  cold  is  not  to  its  liking,  and  frost  is  deadly.  For 
this  reason  it  is  essential  that  the  bulbs  should  be  planted 
deep  down — 10  inches  is  none  too  much — and  even  this 
protection  should  be  supplemented  in  hard  winters  by  a 
thick  covering  of  leaves. 

Again,  one  cannot  avoid  the  conclusion  that  moisture, 


L.    WASHINGTONIANUM        107 

and  all  the  troubles  the  absence  or  presence  of  it  in  ab- 
normal quantities  brings  in  its  train,  has  a  great  deal  to  do 
with  the  Englishman's  difficulties  with  L.  Washingtonianum, 
and  probably  it  would  be  seen  more  often  in  gardens  if 
winter  rains  were  kept  off  the  beds  in  which  it  is  grown. 

The  bulbs  are  unusual  among  Lilies  in  that  they  are 
made  up  of  long,  loose,  leaf-like  scales,  each  separate  from 
the  other  and  attached  at  the  base  to  a  rhizomatous  root ; 
and  though  sometimes  very  large,  have  a  curiously  loose 
feeling  to  the  hands — very  different  to  the  hard  and  plump 
bulb  of  L.  auratum. 

To  succeed  with  L.  Washingtonianum  it  is  advisable  to 
grow  it  in  gravel  in  which  there  is  a  good  sprinkling  of  leaf- 
mould  and  charcoal  and  a  little  loam,  and  though  one  can 
never  hope  to  see  in  our  gardens  plants  rivalling  those  of 
the  Calif ornian  mountains,  as  high  as  a  man  and  with  a 
truss  of  twenty-five  to  thirty  blooms,  one  may  have  this  Lily 
quite  fine  enough  to  realise  what  a  beauty  it  is. 

The  blooms,  in  fragrance  and  in  shape  akin  to  L.  Parryi, 
are  a  pure  white  with  purple-dotted  throat. 

According  to  Dr.  Kellogg,  the  bulbs  of  the  wild  Lily  are 
usually  found  at  a  depth  of  a  foot  to  18  inches,  where, 
like  some  of  the  bulbous  plants  of  the  Transvaal,  they  are 
independent  of  any  drought  or  cold  Nature  is  likely  to 
impose  on  her  children. 

The  practice,  so  often  advocated  in  this  book,  of  raising 
Lilies  from  seed  or  scales  is  of  especial  advantage  in  the  case 
of  L.  Washingtonianum,  because  the  wild  bulbs  are  par- 
ticularly impatient  of  disturbance  and  are  unusually  difficult 
to  obtain  in  sound  condition  ;  moreover,  home-raised  seed- 
ling Lilies  certainly  seem  more  robust  than  those  collected 
in  California. 


io8     PRESENT-DAY   GARDENING 

Of  several  varieties,  L.  purpureum  is  much  easier  to 
manage  than  the  type,  and  may  be  successfully  grown  in  soil 
and  situations  that  suit  L.  Parryi,  the  bulbs  being  planted 
rather  deeper.  When  the  flowers  open  they  are  white,  as  in 
the  typical  plant,  but  before  long  gradually  change  colour 
till  many  of  them  take  on  a  purple  hue. 

L.  rubescens,  another  and  distinct  form,  is  almost  as 
difficult  to  manage  as  L.  Washingtonianum,  but,  like  all 
good  things,  is  well  worth  battling  with  ;  for  one  may  go  a 
long  way  before  seeing  anything  more  beautiful  than  one  of 
its  slender  stems  moving  gently  in  the  breeze  and  topped  by 
a  raceme  of  seven  or  eight  of  the  semi-erect  flowers,  deli- 
ciously  fragrant  and  ringing  the  changes  in  colour  from  pure 
white  to  a  rich,  plum  colour.  Purdy  tells  us  he  has  seen 
L.  rubescens  12  feet  high,  but  nothing  approaching  this  need 
be  expected  in  England. 


CHAPTER   XV 
LILIES   NOT   IN    CULTIVATION 

THE  number  of  Lilies  not  in  cultivation,  even  in  the  gar- 
dens of  enthusiasts,  is  considerable,  and  in  most  cases  their 
absence  may  be  ascribed  to  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  either 
bulbs  or  seed  of  the  species  concerned. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  most  of  the  species  in  the  fol- 
lowing list  come  from  Western  China,  and  though  most  of 
them  were  reported  many  years  ago,  only  a  very  few  have 
found  their  way  as  yet  into  commerce  :  L.  Henryi  is  prob- 
ably the  only  Lily  from  that  quarter  of  the  globe  which 
is  at  all  common,  for  Henry's  Ichang  type  of  L.  Brownii 
is  not  yet  in  general  cultivation. 


LILIES    NOT   IN   CULTIVATION    109 

L.  Alexandra,  a  lovely  form  of  L.  japonicum  from  the 
islands  south  of  Japan.  Bulbs  occasionally  find  their  way 
to  this  country. 

L.  Bakeri,  a  "Purdy"  Lily  from  Southern  British 
Columbia,  in  the  way  of  L.  columbianum. 

L.  Brownii  chloraster  and  L.  B.  platyphyllum  are  two 
Western  Chinese  forms  differing  but  slightly  from  the  type. 

L.  Davidii,  known  only  by  the  figure  in  the  Monograph 
of  Elwes,  which  was  prepared  from  a  dried  specimen  he 
found  in  the  collection  of  the  Abb£  David  ;  this  dainty 
Lily  is  obviously  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  genus. 
It  was  discovered  by  David  in  the  mountainous  region  on 
the  borders  of  Tibet  and  China,  and  is  quite  distinct  from 
any  other  species. 

L.  Delavayi,  found  by  the  Abb£  Delavay  in  Yunnan,  is 
a  slender  Archelirion  and  the  only  red-flowered  Lily  as  yet 
reported  in  Western  China. 

L.  Duchartrei,  recorded  by  the  Abb6  David  in  Eastern 
Tibet,  is  a  white,  red-spotted  Martagon  in  the  way  of  L. 
polyphyllum. 

L.  Fargesii,  a  dwarf  yellow  Martagon  from  Szechuen, 
was  collected  by  Pere  Farges. 

L.formosum,  one  of  the  Szechuen  Lilies,  is  very  near  to 
L.  Brownii,  but  with  an  all-white  trumpet  flower. 

L.  Jankce  is  a  Transylvanian  Lily  allied  to  L.  pyrenaicum. 

L.  lankongense,  another  of  Delavay's  finds  in  Yunnan,  is 
a  dwarf  Martagon  with  black-spotted  purple  flowers. 

L.  lophophorum,  of  Franchet,  is  described  by  Forrest  as  a 
Lily  of  about  a  foot  in  height  with  nodding,  rich,  canary- 
yellow  blooms.  He  found  it  in  grassy  openings  in  forests 
and  in  open  mountain  meadows  on  the  Lichiang  range  in 
N.W.  Yunnan. 


no     PRESENT-DAY   GARDENING 

L.  mirabile,  an  addition  to  the  small  Cardiocrinum 
section,  hails  from  Szechuen,  and  is  near  to  L.  cordi- 
folium. 

L.  Miquelianum  is  a  rare  Japanese  Lily  described  by 
Makino  as  a  glorified  L.  medeoloides. 

L.  nitidum  is  a  Californian  Lily  best  described  as  a 
yellow  L.  maritimum. 

L.  occidentale,  of  Purdy,  is  a  Californian  Lily :  see 
page  97. 

L.  ochraceum,  found  by  Delavay  in  the  mountains  of 
Yunnan,  is  a  yellow  Martagon  of  medium  stature,  apparently 
near  to  the  European  L.  monadelphum. 

L.  oxypetalum,  a  tiny  Himalayan  Lily,  which  flowered  at 
Kew  as  long  ago  as  1853,  is  unique  among  Lilies  in  the 
purple  colour  of  the  flowers. 

L.  papilliferum  may  be  described  as  a  dwarf  L.  Maxi- 
mowiczii  from  Yunnan. 

L.  Parkmannii,  a  hybrid  between  L.  auratum  and  L. 
speciosum,  was  raised  by  Parkman  of  Massachusetts  in  1864, 
and  is  possibly  the  most  gorgeous  Lily  of  all  ;  it  is  now 
probably  lost  to  cultivation. 

L.  primulinum  is  one  of  the  four  Burmese  species,  and 
is  very  like  L.  neilgherrense. 

L.  Rosthernii  is  a  Martagon  from  Szechuen. 

L.  taliense,  a  tall -growing  Martagon,  intermediate 
between  L.  Martagon  and  L.  polyphyllum,  comes  from 
Yunnan. 

L.  Wareiy  a  Californian  Lily,  is  regarded  by  Purdy  as  a 
transitional  form  between  L.  Parryi  and  L.  pardalinum. 

L.  yunnanense  is  the  only  pink-flowered  Lily  so  far 
reported  from  Western  China  ;  it  was  found  by  Delavay 
in  Yunnan. 


AUTHORITIES    CONSULTED     in 


AUTHORITIES   CONSULTED 

Paradisi  in  sole  Paradisus  terrestris.     Parkinson,  1629. 

Systema  Plantarum.     Linnaeus,  1762. 

Mdmoire  sur  les  especes  du  genre  Lis.     Spae,  1847. 

A  Revision  of  the  N.  American  Liliaceae.     Watson,  1847. 

Observations  sur  les  genre  Lis.     Duchartre,  1870. 

Notes  on  Lilies  and  their  Culture.     Wallace,  1879. 

Revision  of  the  Tulipae.     Baker,  1874. 

Notice  sur  quelques  especes  et  variete's  de  Lis.     Krelage,  1874. 

A  Monograph  on  the  Genus  Lilium.     Elwes,  1880. 

Max  Leichtlin. 

Carl  Purdy. 

A.  Unger. 

Those  who  are  sufficiently  interested  in  the  subject  to 
study  the  literature  bearing  on  Lilies  will  find  that  the 
Monograph  of  Elwes  completely  covers  the  ground  up  to 
the  date  of  publication  (1880). 


112     PRESENT-DAY    GARDENING 


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